Sahkar Ane wagIdarI

 

p/Stavna: Vyikgt mailkInI ke3lIk qamIAo jevI ke myaRidt mUDI myaRidt vhIv3Ixikt Ane myaRidt jvabdarIne kar`e wagIdarInu> Svrup AiStTvma> Aavelu 0e. wagIdarInu Aa Svrup Aeka>kI veparI p/4anu> pUrk Svrup 0e.

wagIdarIno A4R: wagIdarI Aek ivix*3 p/karnI s>S4a 0e. jema> 2>2o krI nfo vhe>cvana sman hetu>4I wegI 4yelI be ke te4I v2u VyiktAona smUhne wagIdarI name Ao5qvama> Aave 0e. Aa s>S4ama> samaNy rIte mailkI Aek ke be VyiktAona ha4ma> hoy 0e. 2>2anu> s>caln b2a j wagIdaro wega m5Ine ke b2a vtI ko[ Aek wagIdarI sk/Iy rIte 2>2ano vhIv3 kre 0e. joke 2>2anI smg/ jvabdarI b2a j wagIdaronI hoy 0e.

wagIdarInI VyaQya: wagIdarInI Anek VyaQyama>4I 1932na wartIy wagIdarI kaydanI klm-4 mujb wagIdarI Ae VyiktAo vCceno s>b>2 0e, jema> b2a d/ara A4va b2a vtI ko[p` Aek Vyikt d/ara clavta 2>2ano nfo vhe>cI levano krar 4yo hoy 0e.

Partnership is the relation beteen persons, who have agreed to share the profit of a business, carried on by all or any of them agting for all-section-4

Aam wagIdarIma> joDayela drek wagIdar khevama> Aave 0e. Ane jet e nam he#5 2>2o clavvama> Aave tene pe!I khevama> Aave 0e.

wagIdarI pe!Ina> l9`o:

1 wagIdarnI s>Qya: wartIy kaydanu>sar wagIdaronI s>Qya v2uma> v2u ke3lI hovI jo[Ae te A.ge ko[ p` jatnu iny>t/` mUkvama> AaVyu n4I. pr>tu 1956 na k>pnI2aranI klm 11 mujb wagIdaronI s>Qya myaRidt bnavvama> AavI 0e. Aa jogva[ AnuSaar Ao0ama> Ao0I be Ane v2uma> v2u vIs (xrafI 2>2ama> 10) wagIdaro ho[ xke.

2 wagIdarono krar: krar krvane pat/ AevI be ke te4I v2are VyiktAo 2>2o krvana [rada4I krar kre 0e. wagIdarI ma3e krar Ainvayr xrt trIke Ao5qavama> Aave 0e. Aa krar leiqt ke moiqk ho[ xke 0e.

3 WagIdar mailk ke AejN3 trIke: WagIdarno 2>2o b2a wagIdaro le lo[ Aek wagIdar krto hoy 0e. pe!Ina b2a j wagIdaro rojbrojna vhIv3ma> wag leva hkkdar 0e. temj pe!Ina drek kayR ma3e jvabdar 0e. ko[p` Aek wagIdarna qrab k<Tyne lI2e bakIna b2aj wagIdaro jvabdar bnta hoy 0e.

Kaydesrno 2>2o: Aek krta> v2u VyiktAo gerkadesr p/v<it krva Aek#I m5e to tene wagIdarI s>S4a khI skay nhI da.t. corI krva ma3e caerI krIne me5vel rkm coro d/ara vhe>cI levI to tene wagIdarI pe!I khI xkay nhI, kar` ke te kaydesrnI p/v<it n4I Aam wagIdarI pe!Ine kaydanu> pI#b5 hoy 0e.

nfano hetu: Qas krIne pe!Ina b2a j wagIdaro nfo me5vvana ]dex4I wega m5e 0e> Aa rIte jo[Ae to ko[ 2aimRk ke samaijk kayR krva be car Vyikt wegI m5e Ane nfano ]dex n ahoy to tene wagIdarI s>S4a khevama> AavtI n4I Aam wagIdarIma> nfana ]dexnu mhTv ivxe8 rhelu 0e>

AmyaRidtRt jvabdarI: SamaNy rIte jo wagIdarI pe!Inu devu cUkvvama3e pe!InI imLkt ApUrtI hoy to ko[ Aek s@2r wagIdarnI imlkt jPt 4[ xke 0e. pir`ame wagIdarI pe!Ima> p` drek wagIdarnI AmyaRidt jvabdarI jova m5e 0e>

wagIdarI Ane shkarnI tulna:

1 VyaQyanI d/i*3Ae: wagIdarI pe!Ima> VyiktAo vCcEno Aevo s>b>2 hoy 0e> ke jema> b2a d/ara A4va b2a vtI Aek Vyikt d/ara clavta 2>2ano nfo vhe>cI qavano krar 4yo hoy 0e.

 

 Jyare shkar Ae kaydesrna Alg AStITv sa4e vepar krnarI s>S4a 0e. tenI mUDI in&ct s>Qyama> cokks rkmna xeroma> vhe>cayelI hoy 0e. AavI xer 2ravnarI drek Vyikt tena sWy hoy 0e> tema> sWyonI Aai4Rk ]Nnitnu @yey muQy 0e. Jyare nfanu @yey gO` 0e.

2 sWy s>Qya: wagIdarI kaydo sI2I rIte wagIdarInI s>Qya ]pr iny>t/` mUkto n4I pr>tu AaDktrI rIte 1956na k>pnI2ara mujb iny>t/` mUke 0e.te mujb wagIdaro Ao0ama> Ao0a be Ane v2uma> v2u 20 hova jo[Ae Aaj rIte shkarma> Ao0ama> Ao0a 10 SWyo hovajrurI 0e.Jyare v2uma> v2u sWyo ma3e ko[ myaRda n4I pr>tu AaDktrI rIte Amuk vgR ke ivStar pUrtI myaRda mukvama> AavtI hoy 0e.

3 mUDI: wagIdarI pe!Ima> sWyo myaRidt hova4I mUDI Ae myaRidt bne0e> jo kdac mo3a paya pr 2.2o ]wo krvo hoy to wagIadarI pe!I v2are mUDI ma3e ibnkayR9m bne 0e. Jyare shkarI m>D5I xer d/ara mUDI Aek#I krvama> AavtI hova4I xer d/ara gme te3lI mUDI Aek#I krI xkay 0e.

4  jvabdarI: wagIdarI s>S4ama. sWyonI jvabdarI AmyaRidt hoy 0e. jo 2>2anI le`I rkm cUkvva pe!InI imlkt ApUrtI lage to wagIdarInI imlkt pr p` jiPt lavI xkay 0e. Jyare shkarI sWyonI jvabdarI myaRidt hoy 0e. shkarI m>d5Ina le`a ma3e sWyonI imlkt jPt 4[ xktI n4I Aa rIte shkarma> sWyonI jvabdarI myaRidt bne 0e.

5  sr5 S4apna: shkarI p@2it krta> wagIdarI pe!InI S4apna sr5 0e. shkarI m>D5InI S4apna kaydanusar 4ay 0e. Aa ma3e Ao0ama> Ao0a 10 4I v2u VyiktAae hovI jo[Ae. Aa b2I VyiktAae potanI shI va5I ArjI shkarI rjIS3<arne krvanI hoy 0e. Jyare wagIdarI pe!Ima> Ao0ama> Ao0a be VyiktAo hoy 0e. tema> kaydo AaDqIlIrup bnto n4I te4I tenI S4apna sr5 0e.

6  rhSynI guPtta: wagIdarI pe!Ima> rhSynI guPtta Akb<2 rhI xke 0e. drek wagIdarnI Vyiktgt Ane syu>kt jvabdarI hova4I te potana 2>2anI babto guPt raqI xke 0e. Jyare shkarma> rhSynI guPttano Awav jovama> Aave 0e. shkarI m>D5Ine kaydesr rIte b2I j  ivgto sWyo sm9 Avarnvar rjU krvI pDe 0e.

7  2>2anu> Aayu*y: m<Tyu, nadarI keg a>Dp` jeva p/s>go bnta> wagIdarI pe!Ino A>t Aave 0e. Ae3le ke wagIdarI pe!Inu> aayu*y 3Uku> 0e. Jyare shkarI m>D5I sWyonI bnelI hova4I ko[ Aed sWynu m<Tyu 4ta> ke p0I nadarI keg a>dp`na s>jogoma> A>t Aavto n4I.

 

s>yu>kt ihSsadarI k>pnI (JOINT STOCK COMPANY)

shkar Ane Sayu>kt iSsadarI k>pnIAo vCcenI tulna smjavo.

p/Stavna: AvaRcIn vepar vai`Jyna ivkasne @yanma> l[Ae to jova m5e 0e ke AekakI veparI p/4a Ane wagIdarI pe!IAo 6`I j ApurtI lage 0e. Ae3lu> j nhI temnI myaRdaAo jevI ke AmyaRidt jvabdarI v2u mUDIw>Do5no Awav 3U>ku> Aayu*y vgere dUr krvana p` p/&no ]piS4t 4ya 0e. Aa s>jogoma> v2tI jtI jruiryatone pho>cI v5va ma3e s>yukt ihSsadarI k>pnIAo ]d<wvelI 0e. Aa2uink yugma> myaRidt jvabdarIva5I Aa p/karnI p/4a iviv2 9et/oma> qUb j lokip/y 4[ 0e.

A4R:  Aa k>pnIAo Aek AmUtR @arakIy sjRn 0e, tenU wOitk AiStTv n hova 0ta> te kaydanu>sar hyat 0e.Ane Svt>t/ VyikTv 2rave 0e. je4I krIne k>pnIna xerhoLDro t4a bI+ VyiktAo k>pnI sa4e Svt>t/ xikt4I krar krI xke 0e. Aa s>dwRma> p/o.hen/I temna ibznes Aogerinzexn AeND koiMbnexn namna puStk,a> VyaQya Aapta> lqe 0e ke “k>pnI Ae nfo krva ma3e wegI 4yelI VyiktAonu> mir+yat m>D5 0e AenI mUDI ferbdlI 4[ teva xeroma>

vhe>cayelI hoy 0e. t4a Aa xernI mailkI Ae k>pnIna sWypd ma3enI xrt 0e.” Aa VyaQyana s>dwRma> s>yukt ihSsadarI k>pnIna> nIce p/ma`ena> ke3la>k l9`o jova m5e 0e.

1 SvEiC0k m>D5: k>pnI Ae 2>2o krI nfo kmavva ma3e Aekit/t 4yelI VyiktAonu> SvEiC0k s>g#n 0e. drek dexma> sa2ar` rIte k>pnIne SpxRto k>pnI2aro hoy 0e Aa 2ara he#5 k>pnInI rcna 4ay 0e

2 Alg VyiktTv: kayda p/ma`e k>pnInU Alg VyvS4a Aekm tena sWyo4I Alg 0e kaydo k>pnIne kuit/m VyiktTv Aape 0e Aane A2are k>pnI potana name 2>2o krI xke 0e. le`u vsul krva davo krI xke 0e.

3 kaymI AiStTv: k>pnIna Aa l9`4I wagIdarInI jem k>pnIne va>2o Aavto n4I tenuU>

Aayu*y 3U>ku> n4I. kar` ke Aek xerhoLDro ke sWyno A>t Aavta> teno A>t 4to n4I. A4aRt te kaymI AiStTv 2rave 0e.

4 xeroma> ivwaijt mUDI: sa2ar` rite k>pnInI mUDI xer d/ara AiStTvma> Aave 0e Aa mUDInu> nana nana wagma> ivwa+t krvama> Aave 0e Aa rIte krvama> Aavela nana wagne xer khevama> Aave 0e je ko[ Vyikt Aa xer 2rave te k>pnIna mUDI w>Do5ma> te3la A>xe fa5o Aape 0e tem khI xkay.

5  myaRidt jvabdarI: samaNy rIte k>pnIma> sWyonI jvabdarI myaRidt rhe 0e. mo3awagnI k>pnIma> sWynI jvabdarI tena xer pUrtI myaRidt rhe 0e.

6 xernI ferbdlI: k>pnIna sWyo Jyare [C0e Tyare potana xero gme te Vyiktne bi9s AapI xke 0e. veca` krI xke 0e. temj gIro p` mUkI xke 0e Aa rIte k>pnIna xer ferbdlI krI xkay 0e.

7 p/itini2 d/ara vhIv3: k>pnIno vhIv3 lokxahI p/karno 0e sWyone xer dI# Aek mtno Ai2kar 0e rojbrojnao vhIv3 krva p/itini2AonI cU3`I krvama> Aave 0e. temne Dayrek3sR khevay 0e. Ane te k>pnIna vhiv3 ma3e pU`R jvabdar0e

8    samaNy Mhor-3<DmakR:  kaydaAe  k>pnIne Alg AiStTv AaPyu hova4I pote Svt>t/ rIte 2>2o kre, kraro kre, dava mUke te ma3e tenI samaNy 0ap-makoR nKKI 4yelI hoy 0e.

9  kayda d/ara iny>t/`: wagIdarI ma3e 1932no kaydo 0e Jyare k>pnI ma3e 1956ma> k>pnI2aro 6Dvama> AaVyo 0e Aa 2ara he#5 k>pnI Svt>t/ rIte 2>2o krI xke 0e.

 

shkar Ane syu>kt ihSsadarI k>pnI vCce smanta

1 SvEiC0k sWypd: shkarI s>S4ama> temj s>yukt ihSsadarI k>pnIma> je ko[ Vyikt joDava magtI hoy te tena xer qrIdIne teno sWy bnI xke 0e. je4I krIne bNne p@2itAo SvEiC0k s>g#nma> mane 0e.

2 Alg VyiktTv: shkarI s>S4a p` k>pnInI jem kopoRre3 Svrup 2rave 0e. Aa4I tene kayda d/ara sWyo4I Alg VyiktTv Aapvama> AaVyu 0e Jyare k>pnIne p` kayda d/ara Alg VyiktTv Aapvama> AaVyu 0e.

3 lokxahI vhIv3: Aa bNne s>S4ama> vhIv3 lokxahI pi@2it4I 4ay 0e. bNnema> p/itini2Aonu> bnelu kayRvahk m>D5 rojbrojno vhIv3 s>wa5e 0e. =e ke bNnena Ai2karoma> tfavt 0e. 0ta> p` bNnenI kayRpi@2it Aek 0e.

4 xeer mUDIw>Do5: Aa bNnema>  mUDIw>Do5 xer d/ara Aek#u> krvama> Aave 0e je4I krIne  bNne s>S4aAoma> xernu> mhTv v2u jova m5e 0e.

5 2arakIy iny>t/`: bNne s>S4aAo kayda d/ara iny>it/t bnelI 0e. nfanI vhe>c`I swaAo na`akIy babto vgere ]pr kaydana> ivix*3 p/karna> iny>t/`a> =eva m5e 0e.

shkar Ane syu>kt ihSsadarI k>pnI vCce tfavt:

1 hetu>: shkarI s>S4ama> mU5wUt hetu sevano Ane samaijk Nyayno rhelu 0e. nfano hetu =eva m5to n4I Jyare k>pnIno muQy Aa7y nfano rhelu 0e.joke shkarma> nfo 4ay 0e pr>tu tenI vhe>c`I NyayI rIte 4tI hoy 0e.

2 Svrup: Aek njre s>yukt ihSsadarI k>pnI lokxahI VyvS4a trIke  deqay 0e. pr>tu tema> xernI s>Qya pr mtai2kar hova4I Amuk j v2are mUDIva5a loko s>S4a pr vcRSv 2rave 0e Ae3le ke [=raxahI jova m5e 0e.Jyaree shkarI s>S4ama> s>pU`R lokxahI jova m5e 0e.

3 xernI ferbdlI: Aa bNne s>S4aaoma> xernI dRi*3Ae p` tfavt jova m5e 0e. shkarI s>S4ana xer veca` 4[ xkta n4I Jyare k>pnIna xernu> bjarma> veca` 4tu hova4I tenI mU5kIm>t krta> v2u kI>mt cUkvvI pDtI hoy 0e. Aa4I Aava xeronI sr5ta4I mailkI bdlI xkay 0e.

4 sWyo vCce s>b>2: shkarI s>S4ana sWyo vCce Aek p/karnI vfadarI Ane prSpr mddnI, Svavl>bnnI, b>2uTvnI wavna jova m5e 0e. b2a j sWyo sman 2or`e sman hetu ma3e s>gi#t 4ay 0e Jyare k>pnIna sWyo vCce Aavo ko[ wavaTmk s>b>2 jova m5to n4I teAo damaNy rIte mUDIno s>b>2 raqe 0e Jyare sWyo pase mUDI Ao0I 4[ jay p0I sWyo vCce s>b>2 rhete n4I.

5 ivix*3 2arakIy 0U30a3: samaNy rIte shkarI p@2it krta> k>pnI ]pr 2arakIy dba` v2u jova m5e 0e jem ke k>pnIne Amuk krverema> raht p/aPt 4tI n4I. raJy trf4I mdd m5tI n4I Jyare shkarma> krverema> raht raJynI mdd vgere p.`ailkagt p/aPt 4ay 0e.

]ps>har  jaher+vnma> tmam 9et/one SpxRtI shkarI p/v<it ANy VyaparI s>s4aAo krta> v2u ]pIyogI nIvDe 0e. Aaje smajna tmam vgRne Aek Stre4I bIja }>ca Stre l[ jva ma3e drek 9et/ma> p/vex krelo 0e temj ANy VyaparI s>S4aAonI qamIAo dUr krvama> mhTvno wag wjVyo 0e. Aa dRiA*3Ae jo[Ae to Aa2uink Aai4Rk samaijk 9et/oma>> shkarI p/v<itAe S4an l[ne smajne sur9a Ane seva ma3e Aek su>dr VyvS4anu> ma5qu smajne 6DI Aapel 0e. te dRi*3Ae tenu> ATy>t mhTv rhelu 0e.   

 

Sahkar Ane jahersahs

 

Jahersahsae Ane shkarI s>S4anI tulna kro.

p/Stavna: je 2>2a2arI Aekmae (]Tpadn, ivtr` ke sevaAo) na 9et/oma> rokayela hoy Ane jemnI mailkI Aku>x Ane s>caln raJyna> (raJy, keNd/ ke S4aink SvraJynI s>S4aAo) hoy teva> Aekmone jher sahso trIke Ao5qvama> aave 0e. sa.t. wartIy reLve, Ao.Aen.+.sI., gujrat magR pirvhn ingm, wartIy +vn vIma kopoR. Vgere jhersaheso g`ay. 3U>kma> jhersaheso Ae3le raJynI mailkIna> 2>2akIy Aekmo jema> vhIv3 Ane A>kux srkarna> hoy 0e.

 

l9`o:

Ø mailkI Ane s>caln: jher sahesonI mailkI Ane s>caln A>kux srkar hStk hoy 0e. b2a j mhTvna in`Ryo srkar d/ara levama> Aave 0e.

Ø ]d\wv: jher sahsono ]d\wv be rIte 4ay 0e. Aek to srkar ko[ p/vRtman ]2og ke AO2oigk Aekmnu> ra*3I<ykr` krIne tenI mailkI potana hStk le 0e. A4va to srkar mo3apaya pr mUDIroka` krIne potanI mailkI s>caln Ane A>kux he#5 jher sahsnI S4apna kre 0e.

Ø Jahersahsnu> s>caln: t/` rIte 4ay 0e. Aek,srkarI qata trIke jem ke wartma> reLve tar 3palnu> 4ay 0e. be. K>pnI Svrupma> jem ke ihNduStan S3Il lIim3eD Svrupma t/`, jaher inym p@2it d/ara jem ke wartIy +vn vIma ingm trIke 4ay

Ø nfano gO` hetu>: jahersahesonI S4apna samaijk hetuAo is@2 krva ma3e 4tI hoy 0e. teno hetu smajna iviv2 vgoRne jrurI vStuAo Ane sevaAo pUrI paDIne samaijk suqakarI v2arvano hoy 0e.

Ø nIitiv8yk in`Ryo: nIitiv8yk in`Ryo hetu Anusar levay 0e.smg/ smajna ihtne @yanma> raqIne nIitiv8yk in`Ryo levama> Aavta hoy 0e.

Ø wedwav ivna seva: nKkI krela inymone Aa2In rhIne smajna tmam vgoRna lokone wedwav ivna tenI sevaAono law Aapvama> Aave 0e.

Ø vhIv3ma> nokrxahI: jaher sahes prna> ibnjrurI iny>t/`o in`Ryo levama> 4tI !Il stanI la>bI sa>k5 vgerene kar`e vhIv3ma> nokrxahI tumarxahI jovama> Aave 0e.

Ø rajkar`: jahersahsono hetu jher iht d/ara Aai4Rk ivkas sa2vano 0e. p` sta2arI rajkIy p9na p/wav he#5 te rajkar`nu> medan bnI jay 0e.

myaRdaAo

Ø ibnkayR9m s>caln: jher sahsoma> kmRcarIAone v2are pDtI slamtI ibnjrurI iny>t/`o in`Ryo levama> 4to ivl>b vhIv3nu> keNd/Ikr` kmRcarIAo ma3e jrurI p/oTsahnono awav kayR9mtane Aa2are nhI> pr>tu vir*#tane Aa2are b!tI vgerene kar`e tenU> s>caln ibnkayR9m bne 0e. ]TpadnqcR v2e 0e. ]Tpadn 63e 0e. Ane samaijk kLya` 53tu hoy 0e.

Ø rajkar`no du*p/wav: jahersahoso sta2arI p9na ha4ma> rajkar`na davpecnu> medan bnI jay 0e. tema> sevane bsle jaher ihtna S4ane Aai4Rk hetuAone S4ane  rajkIy hetuAo is@2 4ay te rIte in`Ry levama> Aave 0e.

Ø w/*3<acar Ane sga>vad: jahersahosoma> na`akIy w*3<acar la>crusvt temj sga>vadna felava ma3e pUrto Avkax 0e. rajkIy AiS4rta Ane rajkIy Ava4R Aa dU8`one veg Aape 0e. pir`ame A4Rt>t.ma> mo>6a sa2no veDfay 0e.

Ø na`akIy pra2Inta: A>dajpt/nI myaRdama> rhevanu> frijyat hova4I v2arana VyajbI qcR ma3e p` la>bI ivi2ma>4I psar 4vu pDe 0e.pir`ame ivl>b 4ay 0e. s>calnma> ]dasInta ini*k/yta Vyape 0e.

Ø jDta: jahersahesoma> vhIv3ma> is@2>to inymo Ane nIitiv8yk jDta jova m5e 0e. tema> pirvtRnxIlta hotI n4I tenI ma#I Asr pir`amea pr 4ay 0e. l(ya>ko is@2 4ta n4I.

Ø kayR9mtano mapd>D: jhersahsoma> kayR9mta mapva ma3ena mapd>Dno Awav jova ma5e 0e. jhersahsma> nfano hetu gO` hova4I temnI ibnkayR9mta !>ka[ jay 0e. j>gI qo3 krta> Aekmo p` calu rhe 0e.

Ø shkar Ane jahersahsonI tulna:

Ø bNne p@2itAoma> mailkI s>caln Ane A>kux qangI A4va VyiKtgt A4va Amuk 4oDi VyiKtAona> bnela jU4 hStk hota> n4I jhersahsoma> mailk hKk srkarno hoy 0e.Jyare shdarma> b2a j sWyonI mailkI hoy 0e.

Ø bNnema> nfano hetu hoto n4I, jhersahsono hetu smajna b2a j vgoRnI jruriyato pUri paDva ]Tpadn ivtr` ke seva pUri paDvano hoy 0e. Jyare dhkarI s>s4ama> hetu nfano nhI p` Aek#a 4yela nb5a vgRna lokona Aai4Rk kLya`no hoy 0e.S

Ø bNne p@2itAo kamaijk jvabdarIne wavna 2rave 0e. Ane rajynI Aai4Rk nIit temj kayRk/mo p/Tye hkarTmk Aiwgm wrave 0e.

Ø bNne p@2itAoma> VyiKtgt nhI pr>tu samuihk mailkI 2rave 0e.

Ø bNnema> s>caln lokxahI !be 4ay 0e. Ane vetndr kmRcarIaoma> kuneh kux5ta siKt Ane AavDt pr Aa2ar rawvama> Aave 0e

Ø tfavt

Ø jahersahsona vhIvtma> rajkIy hSt9ep hoy 0e. srkar bdlata> tena Aiwgmma> ferfar 4to hoy 0e. sta2arI rajkIy p9nI ivcarsr`Ino p/wav tena s>calnma> jova m5e 0e. Jyare shkarma> raJyno hSt9ep SvIkayR n4I rajkar` p/Tye t3S4 rhe 0e. rajkIy mdd m5tI hova 0ta> rajkar`4I pr rhe 0e.

Ø jhersahesono nfo raJynI itjorIma> jma 4ay 0e. Jyare shkarI s>S4ano nfo tena sWyo vCce vhe>cay 0e.

Ø jhersahesna s>calnma> nokrxahI AmldarxahI tumarxahI Ane tene pir`ame ivl>b jDta ibnkayR9mta Ane w?*3acar ]d<wve 0e. Jyare shkarI sS4ane Aa dU8`o4I dIr raqI xkay 0e.

Ø jhersahsoma> j>gI mUDiroka`4I Aai4Rk sta Ane s>pitnU keNd/Ikr`raJyna ha4ma> 4va pame 0e. tena4I qangI sahsno ivkas ru2ay 0e. VyiKtnI Aai4Rk Svt>t/ta Ane phelv<it pr ma#I Asr pDe 0e. Jyare shkarI s>S4aAo4I Aavk Ane s>pitnu> keNd/Ikr` ko[ Aek Vyikt ke VyiKtAona bnela jU4ma> 4tu n4I.tena4I VyiKtgt Aai4Rk Svat>Ty/ ke phelv<it h`ata> n4I Aavk Ane s>pitnu ivkeNd/Ikr` 4ay 0e.

Ø ]ps>har: jahersahso Ane shkarI s>S4aAo bNne prSprna> hrIf nhI pr.tu pUrk trIke kayR kre te smg/ smajna iht ma3e jrurI 0e. bNne vCce t>durSt s>b>2o4I samaijk kLya`ma> v2aro krI xkaxe.

shkar Ane qangI sahs ( co-operation and private enterprise )

p/Stavna: qangI sahs Ae 2>2akIy VyvS4anu> sO4I p/cilt Ane jUnu> Svrup 0e. shkar p` sO4I jUnI p@2it 0e. pr>tu 2>2akIy SvrupnI d<i*3Ae 4oDa6`a v8OR pUveR Apnavvama> AavelI p@2it 0e.qangI sahsma> 2>2anI mailkI VyiKtgt hoy0eA4va wagIdaronI hoy 0e. A4va As>Qy malIkonI bnelIs>yukt hoy 0e. tema> 2>2ana mailko s>caln Ane A>kux Aek j VyiKt ke 4ODI VyiKtAOna jU4nI hoy 0e. teAO j 2>2ana jOqmO ]#ave 0e. Ane 2>2ana pir`ame sf5ta-in*f5ta ke nfa-nuksannI jvabdarI temnI hoy 0e. qangI sahsma> VyiKtgt mailkIna> AekmO wagIdarI pe!IAo Ane s>yukt ihSsadarI k>pnIAono smavex 4ay 0e.

3U>kma> qangI sahs A3le je AekmonI mailkI vhIv3 Ane A>kux ko[ VyiKt ke VyiKtAona jU4no hoy Tyare te Aekmne QangI sahs khevama> Aave 0e. da.t. tata AeiNjnIyrIg, rIlayNs mftlal, bjaj,

Jyare shkarI sahs Ae3le ko[ vgRnI VyiKtAo smUhma> Aek#I 4[ Aai4Rk ]Tk8R ma3e nfana hetuAo isvay shkarI 2or`e Aekm S4ape tene shkarI sahs khevay 0e. da.t. qeDa +Lla shkarI dU2 ]Tpadk s>6 lI., qeDa +Lla shkarI qrId veca` s>6 lI. ivgere

l9`o:

Ø nfano hetu: qangI sahsno muQy hetu nfo me5vvano hoy 0e, nfo tenU p/erkb5 0e.

Ø in`Ryoma> Svt>t/ta: in`Ryo Svt>t/ levama> Aavta hova4I hme>xa> taTkailk Amlma> mUkvanI xiKt 0e. nfal9I in`Eyo hoy 0e.

Ø qangI imlkt: qangI imlktnO Ai2kar 0e. tema> rokayela ]Tpadnna> sa2nOnI mailkI p` qangI hoy 0e. temno ]pIyogkrvani Svt>t/ta hoy 0e.

Ø joqmae: qangI sahsma> nfa-nuksannI jvabdarI qangI VyiKt ke VyiKtAona jU4nI

   hoy 0e. joqm ]#avvama> sahs ihm>t kuneh vgere hova> jo[Ae.

Ø g/ahkonu> vl`: qangI sahsma> g/ahk raja hoy 0e. qangI sahsnu> vl` g/ahkl9I hoy 0e. g/ahknI ma>g Anusar ]Tpadnl9I in`Ryo levay 0e. mhtm nfano hetu hova4I ma>g Ane purv#ane Aa2are kI>mt temj purv#a A>gena in`Ryo levay 0e. ]TpadnqcR 63aDva ma3e ]Tpadnna sa2nono krksryuKt ]pIyog 4to hoy 0e.
law-mhTv:

Ø }>cI ]TpadKta: nfana hetu4I p/erayela qangi sahsma> ]Tpadnna sa2nonI [*3 fa5v`I sa2none ]TpadKtane Aa2are v5tr kay%9m s>caln temj Svt>t/ rIte in`Ryo l[ xkata hova4I l6utm ]Tpadn qcR4I mhtm ]Tpadnna lawo m5I xke 0e

Ø Bct Ane mUDIroka`ma> v2aro: wangI sahso nfap/irt hova4I lokonI bcto AakR8I tena ]pr }>cu> v5tr Aapta hova4I temno vhIv3 krksryuKt hova4I bcto Ane mUDIroka`ma> V2ARO 4AY 0E.

Ø }>cu >+vn2or`: qangI sahsma> hrIfa[ nfano hetu g/ahkl9I ]Tpadn vgere l9`o4I }>cI ]TpadKtana lawo p/aPt 4ay 0e. Aavk Ane rojgarIma> v2aro 4ay 0e. g/ahkone iviv2 vprixI vStuAo ivpul p/ma`ma> temnI ma>g Anusar sSta wave p/aPt 4ay 0e. pir`ame +vn2or`ma> su2aro 4ay 0e.

Ø pirvtRnxIlta: qangI sahsma> bdlatI piriS4it Anusar ]Tpadn 9et/ma> Anek pirvtRno 4ya> 0e. tena>e ivkasne p/ik/ya stt =eva m5e 0e.

Ø s>xo2n-3eknolo+no ivkas: qangI sahsma> hrIfa[ same 3kI rheva g/ahkonI bdlatI ma>g p/ma`e ]Tpadn krva stt s>xo2no krvanI frj pDe 0e. tena4I 3eknolo+no ivkas 4yo 0e. ]TpadKta v2I 0e. ]TpadnqcR 63yu> 0e.

Ø VyiKtgt sahsne p/oTsahn: qangI sahsoma> VyiKtgt Aai4Rk Svat>Ty/ hova4I raJyno hSt9ep qUb j myaRidt hova4I nfano hetu hova4I VyiKtgt sahsne ]tejn m5e 0e.

Ø ivkasne }>co dr: qangI sahsma> raJyno Aai4Rk hSt9ep nhI hova4I VyiKtgt Aai4Rk Svat>T/y hova4I nfano hetu hova4I ivkasne dr }>co ha>sl 4[ xke 0e. pir`ame rojgarInI ivxa5 tko bekarInI smSya 63aDe 0e. dexna Aai4Rk ivkasma >v2aro 4ta> ra*3<Iy Aavkma> p` v<i@2 4ay 0e.

Ø myaRdaAo

Ø Aavk-s>pitnI Asmanta: qangIsahsma> mhtm nfano hetu Aek mat/ p/erkb5 hova4I, raJymna hSt9pno Awav hova4I, temj qangI imlkt Ane varsa p@2itna Abai2t hKko p/aPt 4ta hova4I Aai4Rk ivkas v2va sa4e Aavk Ane s>pitnI Asmantama> v2aro 4ay 0e. Ae3le ke 2ink v2u 2ink Ane grIb v2u grIb bne 0e

Ø Samaijk kLya`ma>63aDo: ma>g Anusar ]Tpadn 4tu hova4I grIbonI jruriyatnI p/a4imk Ane AavXyk vStuAona woge 2inko ma3e mojxoq ma3e vEwvI vStuAonu ]Tpadn 4ay 0e. srva5e Aavk v2e 0e. pr>tu samaijk kLya` 63e 0e.

Ø mjUronu> xo8`: ]TpadnnI mUDIp/2an p@2it v2u nfakark hova4I teno ]pIyog 4ay 0e. pir`ame nIca vetndr Ane 7mnI v2tI jtI berojgarIna rupma> xo8` 4ay0e.

Ø ]TpadnnI nIvI gu`vta: qangI sahsoma> prSpr v2u pDtI hrIfa[ wavkapnI nIit Ane ]TpadnnI nI gu`vtama> pir`ame 0e. Aam g/ahkonu xo8` 4ay 0e.

Ø AO2oigk ma>dgI: qangI sahsnu> ibnkayR9m s>caln, v2tu jtu s>caln qcR, v2tu jtu devu, vgerene kar`e la>baga5e S4igtta sjaRy 0e. s>xo2n Ane Aa2uinkr`na Awave ]TpadnqcR v2e 0e. ma3e ]TpadKta 63ta> ]2og b>2 pDI jay 0e.

Ø [jarana gerlaw: qangI sahsnI hrIfa[ A>te g5akap hrIfa[ma> pir`ame 0e.nb5a> Aekmone woge xiKtxa5I Aekmo [jarama> pir`ame 0e. tena4I }>ca wavo, Ao0u Ane nIcI gu`vtava5u ]Tpadn, ]Tpadnna> cavIrup sa2nonI qangI mailkI, asmtol ivkas vgere gerlawo 4ay 0e.

Ø shkar Ane qangI9et/nI tulna

Ø shkar Ane qangIsahs bNne 2>2akIy s>g#no Svrupo 0e.

Ø bNneno ivkas mUDIvadI p@2it he#5 4yo 0e. ]d<wvnu kar` Aek j 0e.

Ø bNneno payo ivxa5 0e. bNne Anek p/karnI Aai4Rk p/v<itAo jevI ke ]Tpadn, qrId-veca`, herfer vgere kre 0e.

Ø bNnema> s>caln AnuwvI talImb@2 kmRcarIAo Ane VyiKtAo d/ara 4ay 0e.

Ø bNnema> mo3apayana ]Tpadnna lawo p/aPt krI xkay 0e.

Ø tfavt:

Ø bNnema> @yey juda juda 0e. qangI sahs nfap/eirt 0e. Jyare shkar smajna nb5a vgoR temna ]Tk8R ma3e jate j Aekit/t 4[ne rcelu s>g#n 0e. jeno hetu nfano nhI p` smajna svaR>gI ivkasne 0e.

Ø qangIsahsma> hrIfa[nu tTv 0e. vgRs>68Rne S4an 0e. Jyare shkasma> s>p Ane ATmIyta jova m5e 0e. ma3e hrIfa[ S4an n4I.

Ø qangIsahsma> prSpr joDa` d/ara [jarama> pir`ame 0e. tena4I g/ahko Ane mjUronu xo8` 4ay 0e. Aavk-s>pitnI Asmanta v2e 0e.Jyare shkarma> joDa`4I qcRma> 63aDo v2u ]Tpadn nIca wavo vgerena rupma> smajne law 4ay 0e.

Ø qangIsahs mUDIvadma>4I ]d<wvelu 2>2akIy Svrup 0e. Jyare shkar mUDIvad Ane smajvadno smNvy krIne bNneno sara> tTvono SvIkar krIne ]d<wvel 2>2akIy Svrup 0e.

Ø qangIsahsma> lokxahIne bdle jU4vadI hova4I VyiKt ke jU4nu p/wuTv  hoy 0e.Jyare shkarma> s>pU`Rp`e lokxahI s>caln 4ay 0e.

Ø qangIsahsna keNd/ma> na`u rhelu 0e. Jyare shkasna keNd/ma> manvI rhelu 0e. Aa4I qangIsahsoma> mtai2kar xernI s>Qyana b5e m5e 0e. Jyare shkasma> Aek sWy Aek mtno Ai2kar rhelu 0e.

 

1. shkarI DerI m>D5IAo

p/Stavna: qetI9et/ pr Aa2airt qetInI Aanusa>igk p/v<itAoma> pxupalnnI pv<it qUb j AgTynI 0e. Aa p/v<it d/ara p/aPt 4tI muQy pedaxoma> dU2 AgTynI pedax g`vama> Aave 0e. te4I je loko pxupalnno 2>2o kre 0e,te loko DerI m>D5IAonI rcna kre 0e. Aa p/karnI m>D5IAono iv&vna Anek dexoma> ivkas 4yelo 0e. qas krIne DenmakR, poleND, AoS3eilya, AmerIka, ne2rleND, AayrleND Ane wartma> Aa p/karnI m>D5IAono ivkas 4yelo 0e. wart pxu2nnI di*3Ae iv&vma> bIja n>brnu S4an 2rave 0e. te4I shkarI DerI m>D5IAonI rcna Ane ivkas AavXyk bnela 0e. AavI m>D5IAonI rcna pa05 nIcena ]dexo kayR kre 0e.

]dexo: 1. sWyo pase4I dU2 Aekit/t krIne tenu p/osesI>g krvu Ane v2ela dU2ma>4I maq`, 6I, pnIr, mSko, cokle3, ibSkI3 vgere cIjvStuAonu ]Tpadn krvu.

2. sWyone na`akIy mdd AapvI temj pxupaln ma3e yoGy maihtI Ane tbIbI sarvar purI paDvI.

3. dU2 ]Tpadkone temnI pedaxnI VyajbI ik>mt p/aPt 4ay te ma3e deqreq raqvI.

sWypd: samaNy rIte je te ivStarma> rheta dU2 ]Tpadko Aa m>D5IAonI rcna krIne tena sWy bnI xke 0e. ke3lIk m>D5IAoma> sWypd me5vva ma3e xer qrIdva pDe 0e. xernI kI>mt Ao0ama> Ao0I ruipya 10 je3lI hoy 0e. Jyare ke3lIl m>D5IAoma> sI2I rIte dU2 ]Tpadko sWy bnI xke 0e.

kamgIrI: vtRman smyma> Aa m>D5IAo be ivwagoma> ivwaijt krvama> Aave 0e.

 1. p/a4im dU2]Tpadk shkarI m>D5IAo 2. shkarI dU2 ]Tpadk s>6o.

      p/a4imk dU2 ]Tpadk m>D5I g/aMy ivStaroma>4I dU2 Aekit/t krIne dU2 ]Tpadk s>6one moklI Aape 0e. dU2 ]Tpadk s>6o dU2ne peXyura[zeD krIne tenu veca` kre 0e. Ane v2ela dU2ma>4I te cokle3 pnIr vgere dU2nI bnav3onu dexma> temj prdexma> veca` kre 0e. Aa p/karnI m>D5IAo drek sWyna dU2nI ckas`I krIne tenI g`vta p/ma`e VyajbI kImt Aape 0e. Aa p/karnI kamgIrI4I je k>[ nfo 4ay 0e tenu sWyo vCce NyayI 2or`e vhe>c`I krvama> Aave 0e.

s>caln: Aa m>D5IAonu s>caln lokxahI !be krvama> Aave 0e. Ane sWyoma>4I cU3I ka!vama> AavelI karobarI simitma> s>caln krtI hoy 0e. Aa karobarI simitma> p/muq, ]pp/muq sek/e3rI qjancI vgerenea smavex 4ay 0e. mo3awage Aa tmam hodedaro m>D5Ina sWyoma>4I j inyuKt Pamela hoy 0e. je4I krIne tenu s>caln p/mai`Kta4I 4tu hoy 0e.

wartma> ivkas: shkarI 2or`e DerI ]2ogna 9et/e t/` Strnu ma5qu Asrkark rIte kayR krI rHyu 0e. jema> p/4imk k9aAe dU2 ]Tpadk m>D5IAo, ijLla k9aAe dU2 ]Tpadk s>6o Ane raJy k9aAe raJy mILk makeR3I>g feDrexn kayR kre 0e. smg/ wartma> lgwg 6,5000 dU2 ]Tpadk m>D5IAo, 170 ijLla dU2 ]Tpadk s>6o Ane 16 je3la raJy feDrexno kam kre 0e.Aa ]pra>t rai*3<y k9aAe rai*3<y shkarI DerI feDrexnnI p` rcna krvama> AavI 0e. NDDB National Dairy Development Board. Jenu muQy m4k Aa`>d ijLlana Aa`>d qate Aavelu 0e.

      wartma> AazadI phela> dU2 ]2ogne ivksavva ma3e Anek p/yTno 4yela 0e. tena prIpakrupe 1946 ma> qeDa ijLla dU2 ]Tpadk s>6nI S4apna krIne shkarI 2or`e dU2 ]Tpadn xru krvama> AaVyu htu. 31 DIseMbr 1975na roj wartma> 168 dU2 ]Tpadk s>6oma>4I 41 je3la s>6o shkarI9et/e S4apvama> AaVya hta. Jyare Aa smye 190367 je3lI dU2 ]Tpadk shkarI m>D5IAo htI jema> 15.44 laq pxupalkono smavex 4to hto. Jyare 1978 ma> smg/ dexma> 186 je3la shkarI dU2 ]Tpadk s>6o hta. jema> 92 je3la s>6o mat/ p/vahI dU2nu veca` krta hta. 26 je3la s>6o dU2nI bnav3onu veca` krta hta. Ane 68 paylo3 dU2 p/ojeK3nu kayR krta hta. Aa dU2 ]Tpadk s>6oAe 1987 ma> 20236 3n dU2na pavDr 30875 3n ba5kona dU2na pavDrnu ]Tpadn kyuR htu.

      gujratna s>dwRma> jo[Ae to mat/ qeDa ijLlama> j 923 je3lI p/a4imk dU2 ]Tpadk m>D5IAo AavelI 0e. jenI sWys>Qya 5 laq je3lI jova m5e 0e. Aa m>D5IAoAe 1992 na v8R drMyan 233894 kIlog/am je3lu dU2 Aekit/t kyuR htu. Ane tenI dU2nI bnav3o bnavI veca` kyuR htu.

 

shkarI qrId-veca` m>D5IAo:

 

p/&n: shkarI qrId-veca` m>D5IAona muQy ]dexo Ane kamgIrI smjavI tenI smSyaAonu v`Rn kro.

p/Stavna: wartma> 0eLla ke3lak v8oR drMyan qeDUtonI qetpedaxona dU8`o dUr krva temj  qrId-veca`nI qamIAo dUr krva shkarI qrId-veca` m>D5IAonI rcna krvama> AavI 0e. Aa p/karnI shkarI m>D5IAo qeDUto pase4I qet]Tpadnno j$4o qrIdIne Jya> su2I yoGy wav p/aPt n 4ay Tya> su2I teno s>g/h kre 0e. qetpedaxono s>g/h krva ma3e godamo temj ko#aronI VyvS4a kre 0e. s>g/hna smy drimyan qeDUto ne jo na`anI jrur pDe to na`akIy jrurIyato s>to8va ma3e i2ra` pru paDe 0e. jo ke Aa i2ra`nI rkm qetpedaxnI rkmna 75% je3lI hoy 0e. Ane bakInI rkm qetpedaxnu veca` 4[ jay Tyarbad cUkvvama> AavtI hoy 0e. Aam Aa p/karnI m>D5IAo veparI di*3<ib>du4I kayR krtI hova4I tenu muQy kayR qeDUtonI qetpedaxonu veca` krvanu temj na`akIy jruiryato s>to8vanu rhelu 0e. Aa shkarI qrId-veca` m>D5IAona ke3lak samaNy ]dexo nIce p/ma`e jova m5e 0e.

1 .qeDUtone mhtmma> mhtm law 4ay te p/ma`e qetpedaxona veca` krvano ]dex rhelo 0e. Jya>su2I qetpedaxono yoGy wav p/aPt n 4ay Tya> su2I qetpedaxono s>g/h krvo Ane tena Aa2are qeDUtone i2ra`nI jruiryato prI paDvI. 3U>kma> i2ra` Ane veca` vCce sus>kln sa2vano ]dex rhelo 0e.

2. qetpedaxono yoGy s>g/h 4ay te ma3e goDa]n Ane verha]sI>snI sgvD krI AapvI.

3. veparIAo Ane qeDUto vCcena dlalo kmIxn AejN3o ke m@yS4IAone dUr krva temj qeDUtone sI2esI2a qetpedaxona wav p/aPt 4ay tevI VyvS4a krI AapvI.

4 qetpedaxona g/eDI>g Ane p/oseis>g ma3enI VyvS4a krI AapvI

5.qet ]Tpadnma> v2aro 4ay tevI tmam p/karnI sgvDo AapvI

6. qetpedaxonI gu`vtama> su2aro 4ay Ane te A>ge jrurI sa2no p/aPt bne tevI kamgIrI purI paDvI.

7. qetpedaxonI Aa>trrai*3<y bjaroma> inkas 4ay teva p/yTno krva.

8. qetpedaxonI jrurI Ane yoGy S45e ferfar krva ma3e vahn VyvharnI sgvDo pUrI paDvI.

9. dexnI srkarne Aai4Rk ivkas sa4e iS4rtama> mdd krvI. Ae3le ke qetpedaxonI yoGy smye Ane yoGy S45e vhec`I krvanu kayR krvu.

10. qetpedaxona qrId-veca`, s>g/h ke na`akIy i2ra` ANvye je k>[ nfo p/aPt 4ay tenI qeDUt sWyoma> AevI rIte vhe>c`I krvI ke je4I krIne qeDUtonI Aai4Rk iS4itma> su2aro 4[ xke.

rcna: samaNy rIte Aa p/karnI m>D5IAo AmerIka AajeRn3Ina f/aNs [3alI SvIDn vgere ke3lak dexoma> jova m5e 0e. Aa m>D5IAonu mUQy kayR qetpedaxo temj jrurI cIjvStuAonu veca` krvanu 0e. Jyare wartma> 1904 na kayda mujb 10 4I Ao0I nhI AevI VyiKtAo Aekit/t 4[ potana ivStarma> AavI m>D5IAonI rcna krI xke 0e. Aa p/karnI m>D5IAo qetpedaxo temj f5f5adI, xakwa+, DerIpedaxo, dU2nI bnav3o, tmam p/karnI A>kuixt vStuAo, ismeN3, geLve na[j ptra>, loq>Dna qetAojaro, rasayi`k qatr, qetibyar`, j>tunaxk dvaAo temj tmam p/karnu kapD qrId-veca` krtI hoy 0e. AavI m>D5IAo g/am k9aAe4I ma>DIne xher taluka ijLla raJy Ane rai*3<y k9aAe rcvama> AavtI hoy 0e.

      Aa2uink ma5qa p/ma`e g/am k9aAe p/a4imk seva shkarI m>D5IAo ke je veca` m>D5IAo trIke kayR kre 0e. taluka Ane ijLla k9aAe shkarI qrId-veca` s>6o Ane raJy k9aAe tmam s>6onu bnelu raJy shkarI makeR3I>g feDrexn kayR krtu hoy 0e. Jyare rai*3<y k9aAe national Agriculctur cooperative Marketing Fedreration L.t.d., ( NafeD ) kayR kre 0e.

sWypd: shkarI qrId-veca` m>D5IAo muQyTve be p/karnI hoy 0e.
 1. p/a4imk shkarI qrId-veca` m>D5IAo
 2. smvayI shkarI qrId-veca` m>D5IAo ( g/ahk shkarI m>D5IAo )

      p/a4imk shkarI qrId-veca` m>D5IAoma> qeDUtvgR sWy trIke joDay 0e. Jyare smvayI qrId-veca` m>D5IAoma> qeDUtvgR, ANy vgoR, ANy shkarI s>S4aAo p` tenu sWypd wogvI xke 0e. p/a4imk shkarI qrId-veca` m>D5IAonu kayR9et/ ko[ Aek gam A4va Aa# 4I ds gamna smUh purtu myaRidt raqvama> Aave 0e.

kayR9et/ Ane na`akIy w>Do5: Aa p/karnI m>D5IAonI na`akIy  jrurIyato potana sWyonI na`akIy 4ap`o, xerw>Do5 temj raJy srkar Ane ANy shkarI m>D5IAo pase4I na`akIy i2ra` me5vIne s>to8vama> Aave 0e. Aa mUDIw>Do5no ]pyog godamo Ane ko#aro ba>2va ma3e VahnVyvharnI sgvDo pUrI paDva ma3e Ane vcga5ana smy drMyan i2ra` Aapvana hetusr 4to hoy 0e.

samaNy rIte shkarI qrId-veca` m>D5IAone 3U>kaga5anu, m@ymga5anu Ane la>baga5anu Aem t/` p/karna i2ra`nI jruiryat pDtI hoy 0e. potana sWyone qet]TpadnqcR temj ANy rojbrojna qcR ma3e 3U>kImudtnu, [leK3<Ik sa2no jeva ke [le. Moa3r p>p, 4/esr ivgere ma3e m@ymga5anu Ane qetpedaxono s>g/h krva godamo temj 3<>eK3r jeva> y>t/o qrIdva ma3e la>baga5ana i2ra`nI jruiryat pUrI paDvama> Aave 0e. td\]pra>t Aa m>D5IAoma> temna rojbrojna Vyvharo, vhIv3I Amldaro, kmRcarIAo, kamdaro Ane ANy prcur` qcR ma3e purtu kayRw>Do5 hoy te jrurI 0e.Aa tmam p/karnI na`akIy jruiryato, 4ap`o, xerw>Do5 ke p0I srkar ke shkarI m>D5IAo pase4I i2ra` me5vIne s>to8I xke 0e.

kamgIrI: shkarI qrId-veca` m>D5IAo Ae qetpedaxonu veca` krtI m>D5IAo 0e. te4I Aa m>D5IAonI kamgIrI nIcena t/` ivwagoma> vhe>cvama> Aave 0e.

1.kmIxn AejN3 p/4a: Aa p/karnI p@2itma> shkarI bjar VyvS4ama> qetpedaxonI hra+ krvama> Aave 0e, Ane hra+na smye Aa m>D5IAo qeDUtona AejN3 trIkenu kayR kre 0e. Jyare qetpedaxona v2uma> v2u wav bolay Tyare tenu veca` krvama> Aave 0e. Ane m>D5Ie qetpedaxona veca`na bdlama> nKkI krela dr mujb kmIxn letI hoy 0e. Aam Aa p@2itma> shkarI m>D5IAo qeDUtona kmIxn AejN3 trIke kayR krIne qetpedaxonu veca` krvama> qeDutone mdd krtI hoy 0e.

2. qrIdp/4a: ke3lak s>jogoma> qeDUt pase4I v2u wave qetpedaxono j$4o qrIdI levama> Aave 0e. Ane Tyarbad tenu veca` krvama> Aave 0e. jo ke Aa p@2it shkarI m>D5IAo ma3e qUb j joqmkark saibt 4yel 0e. jo ke3lIk vqt yoGy wav p/aPt n 4ay to nuksan jvano wy rhelo 0e. je m>D5IAo pase purta na`a n hoy, yoGy vhIv3t>t/ n hoy tevI m>D5IAono ko[ p` qeDUt ]pyog krto n4I. Aam malIkIp/4a he#5 qrId-veca`nI p/v<it ma3e purta p/ma`ma> na`anu p/ma` Ane yoGy vhIv3t>t/ hovu jrurI bne 0e.

3. vStu s>g/h same i2ra`: ke3lak s>jogoma> qeDUtonI piriS4it qrab hova4I qetpedaxonu ]Tpadn 4ta> j tenu taTkailk veca` krvanI frj pDtI hoy 0e. AavI taTkailk veca` krvanI jruiryatma>4I muKt krva ma3e shkarI qrId-veca` m>D5IAo qetpedaxono s>g/h krva ma3e godamonI VyvS4a krI Aape 0e. Ane s>g/h krela mal same Aa m>D5IAo 60 4I 70 % je3lu i2ra` AaptI hoy 0e. Ane bakInI rkmnI cukv`I qetpedaxono yoGy wav p/aPt 4ay Tyare tenu veca` krIne cukvI AapvanI kamgIrI bjavtI hoy 0e.

      ]proKt t/`ey p@2itma>4I vStu s>g/h same i2ra`nI p@2it shkarI m>D5IAo temj qeDUto Aem bNne ma3e ibn joqmkarI Ane lawktaR saibt 4yelI 0e. wartma> mo3a wagna raJyoma> Aa p@2it ho#5 qetpedaxonu qrId-veca` krvama> Aavtu hoy 0e.

Waartma> ivkas: wartma> AazadIbad Ane qas krIne 1954 ma> Aiql wart g/ami2ra` tpas simitnI S4apna 4ya bad shkarI qrId-veca` m>D5IAonI kamgIrI qUb j ivkas pamelI 0e. qetiv8yk royl kimxnna Aheval mujb shkarI qrId-veca` m>D5IAo sarI rIte qeDUtona pak pkvvama> mdd kre 0e, tena pir`ame j wartIy qeDUt p/Ty9 rIte g/ahko Ane ivdexI bjarona s>pkRma> Aavelo 0e. wartma> t/I+ yojnana A>te Aa p/karnI m>D5IAonI s>Qya 3375 je3lI htI. te smye Aa m>D5IAoAe 80 laq 3n Anaj 360 laq 3n xerDI 6 laq 3n mgf5I 10 hjar 3n f5f5adI Ane xakwa+ 18 laq ga>sDI kpas vgere qetpedaxonu veca` kyuR htu. td\]pra>t Aa m>D5IAo d/ara 1500 g/aMy godamo Ane 4000 m>DI k9ana> godamo ba>2vama> AaVya hta.

      1980-81 ma> Aa m>D5IAonI s>Qyama> 3822 p/a4imk shkarI qrId-veca` m>D5IAo, 380 ijLla shkarI veca` m>D5IAo Ane 21 raJy k9anI veca` m>D5IAono ivkas 4yo hto. Aa smy drMyan Aa m>D5IAo d/ara ruipya 1950 kroDnI qetpedaxonu Ane ANy vStuAonu veca` krvama> AaVyu htu. te smye Aa m>D5IAo pase 22669 g/aMy godamo Ane 5289 veca` k9ana> godamo temj 137 koLD S3orej hta> Jyare 1990 -91 ma> p/a4imk shkarI m>D5IAo Ane s>6onI kul s>Qya 6872 je3lI htI. Jyare tenI sWys>Qya 50.47 laq VyiKtAo Ane shkarI s>S4aAonI htI. Jyare tena xerw>Do5 7203 kroD je3lu htu. Jyare tena veca`ma> ruipya 1114.66 kroDnI qetpedaxo Ane ruipya 675.47 kroDnI ANy samg/Ino smavex 4to hto.

Laaw:

 1. Aa m>D5IAo d/ara qDUto s>gi#t 4ta hova4I sodaxiKtna b5e qetpedaxona }>ca wav p/aPt krI xke 0e.

2. AavI m>D5IAo pase godamo vahno g/eDi>g p/oseis>g vgere sgvDono law m5I xke 0e.

3. Aa m>D5IAonI rcna4I qrId-veca`9et/e m@yS4IAonI s>Qya 63va4I qDUtone Aapva pDta kimxnna dro 63e 0e. Ane }>ca wavo p/aPt 4ay 0e.

4. Aa m>D5IAo qrId-veca` ]pra>t p/oseis>gnI p/ik/ya Ane i2ra`nu kayR krtI hova4I qDUtonI s>g/h xiKt Ane kayR9mtama> v2aro 4yo 0e.

5. qeDUtone jrurI vStuAo jevI ke kapD, idvas5I, kerosIn, xu@2 ibyar`, rasayi`k qatr, j>tunaxk dvaAo, qetAojaro pUra paDvama> Aave 0e.

myaRdaAo: 1. dexna tmam raJyoma> Aa m>D5IAonI p/git sman rIte 4yelI n4I. p>jab, hirya`a, Ane mhara*3<ma> tenI no>2pat/ p/git 4yelI 0e. Jyare bIja raJyoma> Ao0I p/git 4yelI 0e.

2. AavI m>D5IAoma> yoGy in*`ato, 3eknIkl slah Ane magRdxRnno Awav p/vRte 0e.

3. qetpedaxono s>g/h krva ma3e Apurta godamo Ane ko#aronI VyvS4a tenI muQy qamI khI xkay.

4. m@yS4IAo ]pr Apurto A>kux vahnono Awav shkarI wavnano Awav tenI muQy myaRdaAo g`avI xkay.

 

 

 

 

5.AO2oigk shkarI m>D5IAo ( cooperative Industrial Societies )

 

 p/&n. AO2oigk shkarI m>D5IAonI rcna Ane kamgIrI j`avI Ayojnka5 drimyan 4yela ivkasnu ict/ Sp*3 kro.

p/Stavna: ko[p` dexna A4Rt>t/ma> AO2oigk cIjvStuAonu ]Tpadn krnara ]Tpadko temj karIgro Aekit/t 4[ne Aa p/karnI m>D5IAonI rcna kre 0e. mo3ewage AO2oigkk/a>itbad juda juda dexoma> Aa p/karnI m>D5IAono ivkas 4va paMyo 0e. AO2oigkk/a>itna smye mo3a ]2ogono ivkas 4va4I nana]2ogo Ane g<h]2ogo nax paMya Tyare tena ]Tpadko Ane karIgro bekar bNya hta. Aam bekar ]Tpadko Ane karIgrone potanu +vn2or` 3kavI raqva ma3e AO2oigk shkarI m>D5IAo Aek ]tm magR 0e.

sWypd: AO2oigk shkarI m>D5IAoma> AO2oigk cIjvStuAonu ]Tpadn krta ]Tpadko sWy bnta hoy 0e. ke3lIk vqt ]2ogoma> kam krta karIgro p` AavI m>D5IAonI rcna krIne tenu> sWypd wogve 0e. qas krIne nana ]Tpadko Ane karIgro potane jrurI sa2no kacomal na`akIy shay temj ANy jrurI vStuAo me5vva ma3e AO2oigk shkarI m>D5IAona sWy bnta hoy 0e.

kamgIrI: Aa m>D5IAono muQy ]dex Ae 0e ke nanapayana Ane g<h]2ogone s+vn krIne temne shkarI 2or`e mUkva jo[Ae, je4I krIne mo3a]2ogo d/ara 4tu xo8` nabUd 4[ xke temj temnI Aai4Rk piriS4itma> p` su2aro 4[ xke. Aa ]dexne pirpU`R krva ma3e Aa p/karnI m>D5IAo nIce p/ma`enI kamgIrI bjave 0e.

1.   Aa  m>D5IAoma> joDayela ]Tpadko Ane karIgrone ]Tpadk hetu ma3e nIca Vyajna dre i2ra` Aapvu>.

2.   nana payana Ane g<h]2ogo ma3e jrurI kacomal Aojaro vgere qrIdIne ]2ogo clavta swasdone rokDe4I A4va xaq ]pr Aapva.

3.   sWyo d/ara ]Tpadn 4yel cIjvStuAo Aekit/t krIne temne law m5e te rIte veca` krvu>.

4.   m>D5Ina sWyo ]Tpadn kre te ma3e vkRxopnI VyvS4a krI AapvI.

5.   m>D5IAona swasdone nva s>xo2n Paamela y>t/o t4a Aojaro waDe Aapva.

6.   swasdo ma3e +vn jrurI cIjvStuAo j$4ab>2 qrIdIne nIca wave pUrI paDvI.

7.   shkarI ke srkarI s>S4aAo jaher temj qangI s>S4aAo vgere pase4I AoDRr me5vIne te p/ma`enI cIjvStuAo swasdo pase tEyar kravvI.

8.   kamdaronI kux5tama> v2aro 4ay te ma3e AO2oigk talIm s>S4aAonI S4apna krvI.

9.   potana sWyoma> Sva7y, p/mai`Kta, krksr, vfadarI, prSpr mdd vgere gu`o ivKse te ma3e p/oTsaiht krva.

Waartma> ivkas: iv&vna juda juda dexoma> juda juda smye Aa m>D5IAo ivkas pamelI 0e. ib/3nma> AO2oigkk/a>itbad maq`, pnIr, grm temj sytra] kapD, ibSkI3, mI#a[, bU3-c>pl, 0apkam, Ane kolsa vgerena ]2ogoma> Aa m>D5IAono ivkas 4yelo 0e. Jyare f/aNs Ane [3alIma> v`a3 Ane ba>2kam ]2ogoma> muQyTve Aa m>D5IAo kayR bjave 0e. wartma> 20 mI sdInI xruAat4I Aa m>D5IAo ivkas pamI 0e. qas krIne ib/3Ix sam/aJyna smy drimyan gamDaAona temj A2RxherI ivStarono nana payana Ane g<h]2ogone p/oTsahn Aapva ma3e Aa m>D5IAono ivkas 4yo hto. AazadI bad 1956 nI AO2oigk nIitma>  AO2oigk ivkas ma3e Aa p/karnI m>D5IAone muQy S4an Aapvama> AaVyu htu>, Ane j`avvama> AaVyu> htu> ke A4Rt>t/ma> p/vtRman bekarI, AavknI Asmanta s>pitnu> keNd/Ikr`, Aai4Rk Asmtula vgere Ain*3one nabUd krva ma3e Aa m>D5IAono ivkas 4ay te jrurI 0e. te ]pra>t g<h]2ogo Ane nanapayana ]2ogona ke3lak p/&no jeva ke na`akIy muXkelI, kacamalno Awav; tEyarmalna veca`nI muXkelI; jUnI ]Tpadn p@2it 4tu ]Tpadn, 3ekinkl talImno Awav; s>xo2nnI muXkelI vgere smSyaAona inkal ma3e p` Aa m>D5IAono ivkas 4ay te jrurI 0e.

      wartnI AO2oigk m>D5IAoma> v`krnI m>D5IAo, heNDlUm shkarI m>D5IAo luhar temj su4arnI shkarI m>D5IAo, bU3-c>pl, sabu, soDa vgerene> ]Tpadn krnarnI m>D5IAono smavex 4ay 0e. td\]pra>t ke3lIk rajkIy AO2oigk shkarI m>D5IAono ivkas 4yo 0e. jema> Aiql wart ha4sa5 boDR, Aiql wart qadI Ane g/amo2og boDR, Aiql wart l6u2og boDR, Aiql wart hSt]2og boDR vgereno smavex 4ay 0e. Aa tmam shkarI s>S4aAonI vStuAonu> veca` krva ma3e Aiql wart heNDlUm feb/IKs makeR3I>g ko-Aopre3Iv sosay3I Ane Aol [iNDya feDrexn Aof pamRgur ko-Aopre3Iv sosay3I ivkas pamel 0e. co4I yojnana A>t su2Ima> ]proKt tmam s>S4aAono ivkas nIceena Aa>kDa pr4I Sp*3 4ay 0e.

 

ivgt

1951-52

1955-56

1960

1972

s>Qya

7161

13272

31100

47343

sWyo laqma>

6.76

12.73

23.36

28.73

mUDI kroDma>

----

4.29

8.63

30.00

veca` kroDma>

---

11.25

68.03

129.67

 

      ]proKt Aa>kDaAo isvay wartma> 0eLla ke3lay v8Rma> AO2oigk v`kronI shkarI m>D5IAono saro Aevo ivkas 4yo 0e.1978 ma> v`kronI p/a4imk shkarI m>D5IAo 14260 je3lI htI je v2Ine 1990-91 ma> 17766 je3lI 4[ htI Ane tena sWyo 17 laq je3la 4ya hta> Aa isvaynI AO2oigk shkarI m>D5IAo, raJyk9anI AO2oigk shkarI m>D5IAo, m@yS4 AO2oigk shkarI m>D5IAo Ane p/a4imk AO2oigk shkarI m>D5IAo 25000 je3lIU htI.

]ps>har: wartma> AO2oigk shkarI m>D5IAono ivkas 4yo hova 0ta> tene jo[Ae te3lI sf5ta p/aPt 4[ n4I. tem>a p` karIgro ke tena jevI m>D5IAo xruAatma> sf5ta p/aPt 4[ hova4I tenu> ]Tpadn v2va laGyu htu> Ane jem jem tenu> ]Tpadn v2tu jay 0e tem tem tenu> kd ivStrtu jay 0e. Aava ivxa5 kdne pho>cI v5va ma3e sf5 inyojkono Awav hova4I Aa m>D5IAo in*f5 pame 0e. jo ke Aa m>D5IAo4I kamdaronI kayR9mtama> su2aro 4ay 0e. temj ]TpadnqcR bekarI invar` AavknI Asmantama> 63aDo vgere tena muQy faydaAo 0e. Aam AO2oigk9et/e ]Tpadko Ane kamdarona +vn2or`ma> su2aro krvana Aek ]tm magR trIke AO2oigk shkarI m>D5IAo Ait]tm sa2n 0e.

 

g<hinmaR` m>D5IAo A4va ba>2kam A4va rhe#a` A4va vsva3 shkarI m>D5IAo

Housing Cooperative Societies

shkarI g<hinmaR` m>D5IAona p/kar j`avI wartma> 4yela tena ivkasnu mULya>kn kro.

p/Stavna: shkarI p/v<itno muQy ]dex manvInI mU5wUt jruiryato s>to8vano 0e. manvInI mU5wUt jruiryatoma>nI Aek AgTynI jruiryat rhe#a` A>genI hova4I shkarI p/v<it d/ara teno ivkas krvano p/yTn kyoR 0e. qas krIne ALpivksIt ke ivksIt dexoma> vStIv<i@2 Ane AO2oigkr`ne kar`e rhe#a`na p/&nona ]kel ma3e srkar t4a lokoAe Aekit/t 4[ne g<hinmaR` m>D5IAO rcelI 0e. Aa m>D5IAo d/ara ba>2kam krvama> Aave 0e. tena muQyTve t/` ]dexo 0e.

1.   jmIndaro ke mUDIpitAo veca` krva ke WaaDe Aapvana hetusr ba>2kam krta hoy 0e.

2.   xherma> ke A2RxherI ivStaroma> loko waDuAatne makn waDe Aapva ba>2kam krta hoy 0e.

3.   ke3lak sWyo potana rhe#a` ma3e ba>2kam krta hoy 0e. p/o. je. pI. Vaarbsna mte potana rhe#a` ma3e ba>2kam krtI shkarI m>D5IAo shkarI p/v<itna 9et/e AgTyno wag wjve 0e.

 

]dexo:

1. je loko pase mkan ba>2vana pUrta> na`a> n hoy Aeva loko AavI m>D5IAona sWy bnIne mkannI jruiryat s>to8I xke 0e.

2. AO2oigk ivkasne kar`e xherI ivStaroma> mkan waDana dr qUb j }>ca gya hoy Tyare samaNy manvI ma3e rhe#a`no p/&n muQy bnI jay 0e. Aa p/karnI m>D5IAo mkan ba>2kam krIne Aa p/&nno inkal lave 0e.

3. Aa m>D5IAo samUihk +vn +vIne Aek bIja sWyone n+k lavIne temnI vCce sara s>b>2o S4apvana p/yTno kre 0e.

4. mkan mailknI dqlgIrI4I muKt bnIne potana sWyone mkan mailk bnavvano s>to8 pUro paDe 0e.

      wartIy shkarI Aayojn simtIAe ]proKt ]dexona s>dwRma> Aem j`aVyu 0e ke Jyare ba>2kamna sa2nonI A0t j`atI hoy Tyare yoGy kImte Ane sr5ta4I sa2no me5vva ma3e, xherI Aayojnne AnukU5 bnva Ane AekaNt S45e rhe#a` me5vva, mkan mailkna t/asma>4I muKt 4va shkarI ba>2kam m>D5InI rcna krvama> AavtI hoy 0e.

sWypd:  samaNy rIte je loko potana Aai4Rk sa2nonI mdd4I mkan ba>2I xke tem n hoy, je loko xherI ivStarna ]>ca waDana dr4I tem j mkan mailkna t/as4I k>3a5ela hoy teva loko vsva3 m>D5Ina sWy bnta hoy 0e.

mUDIw>Do5 Ane kamgIrI:  shkarI vsva3 m>D5IAo potanI mUDI potana sWyo pase4I xerw>Do5 d/ara temj 4ap`o SvIkarIne Aekit/t krtI hoy 0e. je loko potana ba>2kamnI A>da+t rkmna Amuk 3ka rkm m>D5Ina fa5a trIke Aape 0e. jo kdac sWyo d/ara Aekit/t krvama> Aavel mUDIw>Do5 Apurtu> lage to Aa m>D5IAo ha]sI>g kopoRrexn tem j srkarI ba>2kam qata trf4I lon me5vIne potanI na`akIy iS4it s>gIn bnavI xke 0e. Jya> su2I AavI lon wrpa[ 4[ na jay Tya> su2I ba>2vama> Aavela mkannI mailkI s>S4anI rhe 0e.

      Aa m>D5IAonI kamgIrI be ivwago vhe>cvama> AavI 0e.

1. waDuAatnI shkarI m>D5IAo: Aa p/karnI m>D5IAo potana sWyo ma3e ko[p` S45e mkan ba>2kam kre 0e. A4va to tEyar mkan qrIdI le 0e. m>D5Ina sWyo Aa mkanma> rheva ma3e inyt smy drMyan waDanI rkm cukvta hoy 0e. jo sWyone mkan qrIdvu> hoy Ae3le ke mailk bnvu Hoy to qrId kImtnI Amuk 3ka rkmna hPtaAo ini&ct smy drMyan wrpa[ krva pDe 0e. Jyare s>pU`R rkm wrpa[ 4[ jay Tyare waDuAat m3Ine mkan  mailk bnta hoy 0e. Aa p/karnI m>D5IAo [>Gle>ND Ameirka jmRnI [3alI AoS3eilya vgere dexoma> jova m5e 0e.

2. g<hinmaR` shkarI m>D5IAo:  Aa ivwagnI shkarI m>D5IAoma> sWyo samuihk 2or`e mkannu> ba>2kam kre 0e. mkanna ba>2kam ma3e mkannI A>daijt rkmna Amuk 3ka rkm A4va pUrepUrI rkm je te sWye wrpa[ krvI pDe 0e. jo wrpa[ 4yelI rkm ha]sI>g boDR temj ANy shkarI s>S4aAo pase4I i2ra` me5vIne Aekit/t krvama> Aave 0e. Jya> su2I lonnI rkm wrpa[ n 4[ jay Tya> su2I mkannI mailkI s>S4anI rhe 0e. lon wrpa[ 4ya bad sWy mkan mailk bnto hoy 0e. Aa p/karnI m>D5IAo SvIzr\leND, wart, yu.Aes.Ae [>GleND, jmRnI vgere dexoma> ivkas pamI 0e.

Waartma> ivkas:  wartma> g<hinmaR` m>D5IAonI xruAat sne 1915 4I 4yelI 0e. 1915 ma> 7I talmakIAe mu>b[ma> Aa p/karnI m>D5InI rcna krI htI. Tyarbad 1925 ma> Amdavadna SvgIRy ip/tmray v/jray desa[Ae ip/tmngr ha]sI>g sosay3InI rcna krI htI. Aam AazadI phela> m>D5IAono ivkas Aa0o-pat5o jova m%yo hto. AazadIbad AayojnnI rcna 4va4I grIba[ nabUdIna ]dexne l9ma> l[ne rhe#a`nI smSyana ]kel ma3e AavI shkarI m>D5IAone na`akIy mdd Aapvanu> nKkI kyuR hova4I Aa m>D5IAono ivkas qUb j zDpI bNyo hto Aa ma3e wart srkare car p/karnI yojnaAo daql krI htI.

1.   AO2oigk kamdaronI g<hinmaR` m>D5IAonI mdd yojna.

2.   nIcI Aavk 2ravta vgRnI g<hinmaR` m>D5IAonI yojna.

3.   m@ymvgRna lokonI g<hinmaR` m>D5IAonI yojna.

4.   p0atvgRna lokonI g<hinmaR` m>D5IAonI yojna.

g<hinmaR` m>D5IAonI mdd yojna: iviv2 p/karnI mdd yojna he#5nI g<hinmaR` m>D5IAone srkar trf4I na`akIy mdd Aapvama> Aave 0e. Aa p/karnI na`akIy mdd lgwg 70 4I 80 % je3lI hoy 0e. je 20 4I 30 v8Rna hPtama> cukvvI pDe 0e. Jya> su2I Aa rkm wrpa[ n 4ay Tya> su2I mkannI mailkI srkarnI rhe 0e. jo kdac inyt mudtma> Aa rkm wrpa[ krvama> n Aave to srkar te m>D5Ina sWyone mkan qalI krvanI frj paDe 0e. Ane ANy sWyone te mkano rhe#a` ma3e AapI devama> Aave 0e.

            t/I+ yojnana A>te mhara*3<, m@yp/dex, AoirSsa, k`aR3k, md/as Ane gujratma> Aa p/karnI m>D5IAo ivkas pamI htI. Aa smyma> ]proKt 0 raJyoma> 0 raJy shkarI g<hinmaR` m>D5IAo Ane 11778 p/a4imk rhe#a` m>D5IAo ivkas pamI htI. co4I yojnana A>te Aa s>Qya 15028 je3lI 4[ htI. Aa m>D5IAo d/ara 3208 Svt>t/ b>glaAo Ane 21000 je3la> 3enameN3 p/karna> mkanonu> ba>2kam krvama> AaVyu> htu>. Jyare 1978ma> 29593 g<hinmaR` m>D5IAoAe 1,87550 je3la> mkano ba>@ya> hta>. 1991-92 na A>te smg/ dexma> 61832 p/a4imk g<hinmaR` m>D5IAo htI. jenI sWys>Qya 40 laq lokone htI.temj kamkajnu> w>Do5 ruipya 18502 kroDnu htu. Aa m>D5IAoAe smg/ dexma> kul ruipya 257587 laq nI mkannI lon m>jUr krI htI. je pEkI ruipya 216393 laq lonnu> ivtr` kyu>R htu>. Ane tena d/ara smg/ dexma> 858759 mkano ba>@ya> hta>. Jyare 365035 mkanonu> ba>2kam calu> 0e.

 

shkarI g/ahk w>Daro: ( Counsumers Stores )

p/Stavna: vtRman yugma> mo3ewage vepar9et/ qangI veparI hStk rhelu> 0e. veparIAo Anek yuKtIAo d/ara g/ahkonu> xo8` krta hoy 0e. g/ahkone Aava xo8`ma>4I muiKt Apavvana magR trIke shkarI9et/e g/ahk shkarI m>D5IAonI rcna krvama> AavI 0e. jena muQy be ]dex 0e.

1.   g/ahk shkarI m>D5IAono mhTvno ]dex veparIAo d/ara 4ta xo8`ma>4I g/ahkone muiKt Apavvano 0e. mo3ewage cIjvStuAonu> veca` krnara veparIAo Anek jatna kmIxno ]merIne temj [jaraxahI d/ara wav v2arIne g/ahkonu> xo8` krta hoy 0e. g/ahk shkarI m>D5IAo cIjvStuAonu> ]Tpadn krIne tena veca` d/ara g/ahkone xo8`ma>4I muiKt Apave 0e.

2.   g/ahk shkarI m>D5IAo mo3apaya pr ]Tpadn krtI hova4I bjarma> calta [jarana dU8`o dUr krI xkay 0e. bIja xBdoma> khIAe to [jarava5I +vn jruiryatone> ]Tpadn krIne tenu> veca` krvano Aa m>D5IAono ]dex rhelo 0e.

sWypd Ane kayR9et/: Aa m>D5IAonu> kayR9et/ Sp*3 krva ma3e je je ivStaroma> rheta g/ahko je te ivStarnI m>D5Ina sWy 4[ xke 0e. Aa ivStarnI bhar rheto ko[ p` g/ahk sWy 4[ xkto n4I. sWypd p/aPt krva ma3e inyt krelI xernI rkm A4va p/vex fI AapvanI hoy 0e. Aa m>D5IAonu> kayR9et/ je te ivStaroma> cIjvStuAonI qrIdI krIne tene vajbI wave veca` krvanu> 0e.

kamgIrI: g/ahk shkarI m>D5IAonI kamgIrIne nIcena t/` ivwagoma> ivwa+t krvama> Aave 0e.

1 Selling At Cost:: Aa ivwagma> g/ahkonu> hIt scvay te rIte cIjvStuAonu> veca` krvama> Aavtu> hoy 0e. Ae3le ke Aa m>D5IAo d/ara je k>[ vStuAonu> ]Tpadn krvama> Aave tenI pa05 je qcR 4ay te qcR je3lI j kImte vStuAonu> veca` krvama> Aave 0e. te4I g/ahkonu> hIt scvay 0e, pr>tu Aa nIit ANvye w>Darne qo3 shn krvI pDe 0e.kar` ke teno vhIv3IqcR ke ANy qcR potane wogvvo pDe 0e. ma3e w>Dar qo3ma> cale 0e. te4I g/ahk shkarI w>Daro Aa nIit Anu>sar veca` krta n4I.

2. Selling At Market Price: w>DarnI Aa p@2itma> bjarma> je cIjvStuAona wav p/vtRman hoy te kImte tenu> veca` krvama> Aavtu> hoy 0e. bjar kImte veca` krva4I Aa shkarI w>Daro Aek qangI pe!I jeva bnI jay 0e. A4aRt tema> shkarnI wavna rhetI n4I. jo ke Aek vStu cokks 0e ke g/ahk shkarI w>DaronI s@2rta Ane s>gInta qUb j v2I jva pamtI hoy 0e. pr>tu tenI muQy myaRda Ae 0e ke Aa niit d/ara g/ahkonu> xo8` 4tu> hoy 0e. pir`ame tena ]dexno lop 4to hoy 0e tem khI xkay.

3. Active Price Policy: g/ahk shkarI w>DaronI Aa nIit Vyvharu 0e. kar` ke Aa w>Daro d/ara je k>[ qceR ]Tpadn krvama> Aave tena4I 4oDo6`o wav v2are l[ne vStuAonu> veca` krvama> Aavtu> hoy 0e. 1. tena4I g/ahkonu> hIt scvay 0e. 2. w>DarnI s@2rtama> v2aro 4ay 0e. 3. w>Darna vhIv3I qcaRAonu> Aayojn 4[ xke 0e. 4. w>Darna vhIv3I ktaRAone, kmRcarIAone Ane g/ahkone sI2e sI2o law p/aPt 4ay 0e. 5. w>Darna samUihk sodama> v2aro 4ay 0e. 6. w>Dar ANy veparI pe!IAo same 3kI xke 0e. vgere Anek faydaAo 4ay 0e. te4I ko[p` shkarI g/ahk w>Dar Aa nIit d/ara potana ]Tpadn, qrId Ane veca`nI kamgIrI sr5 rIte bjavI xke 0e.

Waartma> ivkas: wartma> sO p/4m Aa p/karnI m>D5IAonI xruAat 1904 ma> md/as qate krvama> AavI htI. Tyarbad bIja iv&vyu@2 drimyan cIjvStuAona purv#anI A0t sjaRva4I ib/i3x srkare Aa p/karnI m>D5IAo S4apvano p/yas kyoR hto.AazadIbad  1962-65 ma> Anuk/me cIn Ane paikStanna Aak/m` smye g/ahk shkarI w>Daronu> mhTv v2va paMyu> htu>. 1965 ma> Ae3le ke t/I+ yojnana A>tka5ma> g/ahk shakarI w>Daro jevI bI+ Anek m>D5IAono ivkas 4yo hto. jema> AO2oigk kamdarona w>Daro, nokrI krta vgRna w>Daro, iv2a4IRAona w>Daro yuinvisRtIna g/ahk w>Daro, g/aMy p/jana w>Daro, mihlaAona g/ahk w>Daro vgerene ivkas 4yo hto. co4I yojna drimyan Aa p/karna w>DaronI s>Qya 5580 je3lI htI. jema> 587 je3la m@yS4 shkarI w>Daro Ane lgwg 60 je3la shkarI DIpa3RmeN3l S3osRno smavex 4to hto. Aa m>D5IAoAe dexna kul veca`na 30 % je3lu> veca` kyuR htu>.

      Paa>cmI yojnane A>te p/a4imk shkarI g/ahk w>DaronI s>Qya 15827 je3lI htI. tenI kul sWys>Qya 85.33 laqnI htI. Aa smy drMyan tenI kul qrIdI ruipya 294.19 kroDnI htI. Jyare ruipya 314.94 kroDnu> veca` krvama> AaVyu> htu>. Jyare 1990-91 na v8Rma> kul 22782 p/aimk g/ahk w>Daro Ane 568 m@yS4 temj raJyk9ana shkarI w>Daro hta. temnI sWys>Qya 188.22 laq je3lI htI. te ]pra>t g/aMy ivStaroma> 231671 je3lI vajbI wavnI dukano kayR krtI htI. te pEkI 68468 je3lI seva shkarI m>D5IAo htI. je  kul dukanona 28 % je3lI 4va jay 0e. Aam smg/ dexma> Aa p/karna w>Daro d/ara g/ahkonI rojbrojna +vn jruiryatva5I vStuAonu> veca` krvama> Aavtu htu>.

myaRdaAo: 1. wartma> Aa p/karnI m>D5IAonI s>Qya qUb j Ao0I hova4I te ]Tpadkono sI2o s>pkR sa2I xkI n4I. pir`ame potana g/ahkone yoGy vStuAonu> veca` krvama> AxiKtman nIvDI 0e.

2. Aa m>D5IAoma> na`akIy k3ok3Ine kar`e cIjvStuAono s>pU`R purv#o raqI xkato n hova4I te potana g/ahkone yoGy p/ma`ma> j$4o pUro paDvama> in*f5 nIvDI 0e.

3. Aa p/karnI m>D5IAono vhIv3 krnarI VyiKtAo mand\ sevaAo AaptI hova4I ibnkayR9m rhetI hoy 0e. Ae3le ke sik/y kayRkrono Awav p/vtRman 0e tem khI xkay.

4. AavI m>D5IAo cIjvStuAonu> veca` rokDe4I krtI hova4I g/ahko teno law me5vI xkta n4I. tena pir`ame Aa m>D5IAone qangI veparIAo same tIv/ hrIfa[ krvI pDe 0e.

5. Aa m>D5IAoma> cIjvStuAonI qrIdI ma3e  Ane veca` ma3e tena vhIv3daro, Ai2karIAo, kmRcarIAoma> kayR9mta temj jag<tp`ano Awav jova m5e 0e. pir`ame te 2ar`a p/ma`eno ivkas krI xkI n4I.

 

raJy shkarI be>ko

 

p/Stavna:  dexna shkarI p/v<itna ma5qama> raJy shkarI be>ko svoRCc be>ko trIke S4an 2rave 0e. raJy shkarI be>kone svoRCc be>ko trIke Ao5qvama> Aave 0e. raJy shkarI be>ko m@yS4 shkarI be>kona s>6 trIkenI kamgIrI bjave 0e. te4I te m@yS4 s. be>kone na`akIy jruiryato temj magRdxRn pUru paDe 0e. te ]pra>t Aa be>konI deqreq p` raqe 0e. qas krIne raJy shkarI be>ko m@yS4 shkarI be>kone Friend, Philoshopher, And Guide trIkenu> kayR pUru paDtI hoy 0e. ma3e tenu> S4an tmam shkarI9et/ma> svoRCc Ane AgTynu> 0e.

wartma> Aa be>kono ]d\wv meklegn kim3InI wlam` Anusar 4yo hto. te4I sO p/4m mu>b[ma> Aa p/karnI beNknI S4apna 4[ htI. Tyarbad drek p/a>tma> teno ivkas 4yo hto.

sWypd:  Aa be>konu sWypd tena kayR9et/ma> AavtI tmam seN3<l koAopre3Iv be>kone temj Amuk shkarI m>D5IAone p/aPt 4ay 0e. Albt mu>b[, md/as Ane ibhar jeva raJyoma> VyiKtAo p` tena sWy bnI xke 0e.

vhIv3I Ane na`akIy VyvS4a: Aa be>kono vhIv3 svRsta he#5 cu3ayela iDreK3r boDR d/ara 4to hoy 0e. tema> srkar trf4I ke3lak DIreK3ronI inm`Uk 4ay 0e. Jyare temnu> na`aw>Do5 xerhoLDr, DIbeNcrsRnu> veca` krIne 4ap`o Ane lonno SvIkar krIne Aekit/t krvama> Aave 0e.

kamgIrI: Aa be>konu> muQy kayR m@yS4 be>kone Ane p/a4imk i2ra` m>D5IAone i2ra` Aapvanu> rhelu> 0e. Aa be>kone rIzvRbe>k sa4e s>b>2 hova4I tenI sa4e na`a> ke mdd me5vIne m@yS4 be>kone Ane ANy i2ra` m>D5IAone i2ra` Aape 0e. ma3e raJy shkarI be>ko, rIzvRbe>k Ane m@yS4be>ko vCcenI kDI trIkenu> kayR bjave 0e.mhd\A>xe Aa be>ko nIcena> kayoR kre 0e.

1.   ijLla m@yS4 be>kona> kayoRnu> s>kln Ane inymn krvanu> kam kre 0e.

2.   shkarI s>S4aAo sa4e na`abjarne sug/>i4t krvanu. kayR kre 0e.

3.   shkarI p/v<itno ivkas 4ay te A>genu kam kre 0e.

4.   m@yS4 s. be>kone na`a herfer pun:v3av temj levDdevDnI VyvS4a krI Aape 0e.

p/git Ane ivkas: 1972-73 na smy srimyan Aa be>konI kul s>Qya 26 je3lI htI. Jyare tenI sWys>Qyama> 12698 be>ko temj 6876 VyiKtAono smavex 4to hto. Aa be>ko d/ara 1960-61 ma> ruipya 200 kroD je3lu i2ra` Aapvama> AaVyu htu. je v2Ine 1973-74 ma> 1227 kroD 4yu> htu. Aa be>kone 1964 ma> rIzvRbe>k trf4I ruipya 301 kroDnI lon Aapvama> AavI htI, Aam rIzvRbe>knI mdd d/ara Aa be>ko shkarI m>D5IAone na`akIy mdd krtI hoy 0e. R.B.I. Ane S.B.I. no raJy shkarI be>konI calu mUDIma> 50 4I 90 % su2Ino fa5o hoy 0e. raJy shkarI be>ko dexna drek raJyma> AavelI 0e. 1980-81 ma> tenI sWys>Qya 36327 htI. jema> 12318 m>D5IAo Ane 24010 VyiKtAono smavex 4to hto. jUn 30 1991 na roj raJy shkarI be>konI s>Qya 28 je3lI htI. tenI kayRkarI mUDI ru, 10639 kroD htI. Ane Aapelu i2ra`nu p/ma` ru. 6833 kroD je3lu htu. Jyare mudt bakI lon ru. 933 kroD je3lI htI.

      ]ps>har: raJy shkarI be>konu bnelu Aek feDrexn jula[ 1964 ma> S4apvama> AaVyu 0e. Aa feDrexnno muQy ]dex be>kona 3ekinkl Ane ANy p/&nono ]kel lavI shkarI p/v<into zDpI ivkas krvano 0e. Aa feDrexn Aar.bI.Aa[, Aes.bIAa[, temj Aen.Aa[.Aef.sI., Ae.Aef.sI. vgere s>S4aAo sa4e s>b>2 2rave 0e. Aam raJy s. be>kone v2u sgvDo p/aPt 4ay temj temno zDpI ivkas 4ay te hetusr Aa feDrexn kayR kre 0e.

 

 

 

m@yS4 shkarI be>ko:

p/Stavna: seN3<l koAopre3Iv be>konI xruAat 1911 ma> mu>b[ qate 4[ htI. Tyarbad 1912 ma> shkarI kayda ANvye AavI be>konI S4apna Ane rijS3<exnnI jogva[ krvama> AavI. Pir`ame 1912 4I 1925  su2Ima> AavI be>konI s>Qya 500 je3lI 4[ htI. 1935 bad ke3lak ivveckoAe wartma> Aa p/karnI bekonI jruiryat 0e ke kem te A>genI ke3lIk ivcar`aAo krI htI. Aa ivcar`a he#5 Aa p/karnI be>konI kayRd9ta Aai4Rk piriS4it Ane veparIbe>konI hrIfa[ @yanma> l[ne rIzvRbe>k Ane g/ami2ra` tpas simtIAe drek ijLlvar Aek j be>k S4apvanI wlam` krI htI. Aa be>k pase Ao0ama> Ao0u> ruipya 300000 xerw>Do5 Ane 20 4I 25 laqnu mUDIw>Do5 AavXyk 0e. Aam ]proKt wlam` he#5 wartma> Aa be>konI s>Wyama> k/imk rIte 63aDo 4yo hto. tem 0ta> rai*3<y shkarI m>D5 tenu> sWypd wogvtu> hova4I tenI s>Qya 63va 0ta> Aa be>konI sWys>Qya 63I n htI.

]dexo: 1. potana sWyone AnukU5 xrtoAe i2ra` pUru paDvu>2.potana sWyoma> bcto ma3enu> p/oTsahn pUru paDIne bcto Aekit/t krvI. 3. Aa be>ko sa4e joDayela p/a4imk i2ra` m>D5IAonI deqreq raqvI.4. shkarI p/v<into zDpI ivkas 4ay teva p/yTno krva>

vhIv3t>t/:  Aa be>konu> sWypd tena kayR9et/ma> AavelI p/a4imk shkarI m>D5IAone p/aPt 4ay 0e. Ane tena vhIv3nI jvabdarI m@yS4 simtInI hoy 0e. je simtInI cU3`I lokxahI !be krvama> Aave 0e. jema> lgwg 20 4I 24 DIreK3sR cU3ata hoy 0e. Ane Aa iDreK3sR be>kona vhIv3nu> kayR kre 0e. jo ke rojbrojna> kayR krva ma3e pgardar Ai2karIAo temj kmRcarIAonI inm`Uk krvama> Aave 0e.

kamgIrI: Aa be>ko shkarI m>D5IAona rijS3<are nKkI krelI lonnI mhtm myaRdama> rhIne p/a4imk shkarI m>D5IAone i2ra` AaptI hoy 0e. qas krIne AmyaRidt jvabdarIva5I m>D5IAo tena sWyonI yoGytane Aa2are Ane myaRidt jvabdarIva5I m>D5IAone v2uma> v2u tena xerw>Do54I pa>c 6`I rkam i2ra` pe3e Aapvama> Aave 0e.

kayoR: 1. m@yS4 s. be>ko p/a4imk shkarI m>D5IAone 3U>kaga5a temj m@ymga5anu i2ra` Aape 0e. 2. Aa be>k p/a4imk shkarI m>D5IAo vCce na`akIy s>tuln j5va[ rhe teva p/yaso kre 0e. 3. ijLla k9aAe ANy p/v<it ivksavvana> kayoR kre 0e. 4. g/aim` ivStaroma> S4aink paya ]pr 4ap`o Aekit/t krvanu> kayR kre 0e. 5. sWyo Ane ANy lokone bctne p/oTsahn AapI bcto Aekit/t kre 0e. 6. p/a4imk m>D5IAone na`a roka`nI suri9t tko pUrI paDe 0e. 7. be>ko sa4e joDayela m>D5IAonu> inir9` Ane tpas kre 0e. temj magRdxRn pUru paDe 0e. 8. potana ivStaroma> shkarI p/v<itno ivkas 4ay teva kayoR kre 0e. 9. 4ap`o SvkarvI, veparI iblna> na`a> vsul krva>, cek, hU>DI v3avva>, AovrD<aF3nI sgvDta krI AapvI. 10, jamIngIrIAona> qrId-veca` krvanu> kayR kre 0e.

Waartma> ivkas: Aa be>konI s>Qya 1951 ma> 509 je3lI htI. je 63Ine 1972, 1973 ma> 344 je3lI 4[ htI. Jyare tenI sWys>Qya 131319 4I v2Ine 320538 je3lI 4[ htI. tenu> mUDIw>Do5 ruipya 60.11 kroD 4I v2Ine 1411.08 kroD je3lu> 4yu> htu> Ane i2ra`w>Do5 105.64 kroD 4I v2Ine 1245.05 kroD 4yu> htu. Jyare 1990 ma> Aa be>koAe 10686 kroDnu> i2ra` AaPyu htu je v2Ine 1995 ma> 26450 kroD 4yu htu.

myaRdaAo:

1. ke3lIk be>koma> DIreK3sRma> VyiKtgt sWyonI bhumtI jova m5tI htI, Ae3le ke p/4imk m>D5IAonu p/itini2Tv qUb j Ao0u jeva m5tu htu. VaaStvma> p/a4imk i2ra` m>D5IAonu p/itini2Tv v2u hovu jo[Ae.

2.ke3lIk be>koma> pgardar Amldar j cermen trIkenI seva bjavta jova m5e 0e. vaStvma> be>kna menejr Ane cermen juda juda hova jo[Ae.

3. ke3lIk be>ko beiNk>g isvayna> ANy kayoR p` kre 0e, je be>ik>g di*4Ae yoGy n4I.

 

4. ke3lIk be>ko p/a4imk m>D5IAo isvay VyiKtgt p` i2ra` AaptI hoy 0e. je shkarI kayda mujb brabr n4I.

5. Aa be>kono i2ra`law nana Ane sImaNt qeDUtone p/aPt 4to n4I temj je k>[ i2ra` krvama> Aave 0e tema> 6`o ivl>b 4to hoy 0e.

6. Aa be>konI p/git gujrat, tamIlnaDu, mhara*3<, vgere raJyoma> ivxe8 0e, Jyare ANy raJyoma> teno ivkas 4yo n hova4I p/adeixk Asmanta jova m5e 0e.

7. Aa be>konI mo3ama> mo3I smSya i2ra` vsulatnI 0e.

]ps>har:]preaKt myaRdaAonu invar` krva ma3e Aiql wart g/a. i2. simtIAe nIce mujbnI ke3lIk wlam`o krI htI.

1.   Aa simtIAe j`aVyu htu ke Aa be>kona iDreK3sRma> S.B.I. no Aek DIrek3sR hovo jo[Ae

2.   Aa be>koAe qangI VyiKtAone sonaca>dIna 6re`anI jamIngIrI ]pr i2ra` Aapvu> jo[Ae.

3.   Aa be>koAe nfano maijRn v2u pDto raqvo jo[Ae nih. Je4I krIne p/a4imk shkarI m>D5IAona ]dexo pirpU`R n 4[ xke.

4.   Aa be>koAe p/a4imk i2ra` m>D5IAonI jruiryato @yanma> levI jo[Ae. Ane temno sI2o s>pkR sa2vo jo[Ae.

Aam Aa be>kona ma5qane v2u sud>! Ane kayR9m bnavva ivxe8 pgla> levanI jrur 0e. je4I krIne te potana kayR9et/ma> rhelI qetiv8yk AO2oigk iv8yk shkarI m>D5IAone i2ra` Ane magRdxRn Aapvama> mhTvno wag wjvI xke.

 

jmIn ivkas be>ko ( gujrat raJy shkarI k<i8 Ane g/aMy ivkas be>k )

 

p/&n: shkarI 9et/e la>baga5anI i2ra` yojnama> jmIn gIrvI be>kona fa5anu> mULya>kn kro.

p/Stavna: wartma> shkarI 9et/e la>baga5anI i2ra`nI jruiryato s>to8va ma3e jmIn ivkas be>konI S4apna 4yelI 0e. jo ke Aa be>konI S4apna phela> la>baga5anI i2ra`nI jruiryato s>to8vana 6`a p/yTno 4ya 0e. sO p/4m sne 1882 ma> sr ivilym veDrHyum temj nexnl royl kimxne la>baga5ana i2ra` ma3e ko[ ivix*3 s>S4anI S4apna ma3e wlam` krI htI. Tyarbad 1883 Ane 1884 ma> jmIn su2ar`a kaydo Ane qetiv8yk lon A>geno kaydo bhar paDvama> AaVyo hto. Tyarbad 1926 ma> shkarI kayda he#5 Aekit/t 4yelI shkarI m>D5IAona rijS3<aronI koNfrNse Ane seN3<l be>kI>g [NkavayrI kmI3IAe la>baga5ana qeti2ra`ne lgtI ke3lIk wlam`o krI htI.

      ]proKt wlam`o he#5 wartma> sO p/4m 1920 ma> p>jab raJyma> jmIn igrvI be>knI xruAat 4[ htI. jo ke tenI VyviS4t xruAat 1931 ma> md/as raJyma> m@yS4 jmIn ivkas be>knI S4apna4I 4[ htI. Tyarbad mu>b[, kocIn, mEsur Ane AoirSsama> Aa p/karnI beNkonI S4apna krvama> AavI htI.

jmIn ivkas be>konu> kayR9et/: jmIn ivkas be>kone p/a4imk jmIn ivkas be>k Ane m@yS4 jmIn ivkas be>k Aeva be ivwagoma> ivwa+t krvama> Aave 0e.

      p/a4imk jmIn ivkas be>k qeDUtoma> sI2a s>pkRma> rhIne p/Ty9 rIte la>baga5ana i2ra`nI jruiryato s>to8e 0e. Jyare m@yS4 j.iv.be. p/a4imk j.iv. be>kne lon AapIne pro9 rIte qeDUtonI i2ra`nI jruiryato s>to8e 0e. pa/4imk jmIn ivkas be>ko mUDIw>Do5 Aekit/t krva 4ap`o Aek#I krI xktI n4I. temj ko[ p` p/karna xer ke DIbeNcsR bhar paDI xktI n4I. pr>tu m@yS4 jmIn ivkas be>k pase4I i2ra` me5vIne te mUDIw>Do5 Aekit/t kre 0e. Jyare m@yS4 jmIn ivkas be>ko 4ap`o SvIkarIne ke DIbeNcsR bhar paDIne mUDIw>Do5 Aekit/t kre 0e. Aa p/karna DIbeNcsR vIma k>pnI, S3e3be>k, rIzvRbe>k vgere s>S4aAo qrIde 0e.

 

jmIn ivkas be>konI kamgIrI Ane kayoR:

 

qas krIne Aa p/karnI be>ko igre mUkelI jmIn pa0I

0oDavva ma3e qeDUtonu> devu> wrpa[ krva ma3e qet p@2it ke jmInma> kaymI su2aro krva ma3e nvI jmIn qrIdva ma3e mUDIrupI y>t/o qrIdva ma3e qeDUtone la>baga5anu> i2ra` pUru paDe 0e. Aiql ihNd g/ami2ra` tpas simtIna Aheval mujb mo3ewage jmIn ivkas be>ko igro mUkelI jmIn pa0I me5vva ma3e qDUtone i2ra` Aape 0e. Jyare qetp@2itma> ke jmInma> su2aro krva ma3e A4va to qetIno ivkas krva ma3e ApUrta p/ma`ma> i2ra` Aape 0e. te4I Aa simtIAe qet ivkas A>gena i2ra` ma3e Aa be>kone qas p/karna> iDbeNcsR bhar paDvanI 0U3 AapI 0e. Aa p/karna> iDbeNcsR qrIdvanI tEyarI rIzvRbe>ke btavI htI. Je4I krIne 1956 p0I Aa be>kono qUb j zDpI ivkas 4yo hto. jmIn ivkas be>konI Aa kamgIrI ANvye nIcena> kayoRno smavex 4ay 0e.

kayoR: 1. samaNy rIte p/a4imk jmIn ivkas be>ko myaRidt kayR9et/ma> rhIne potanI kamgIrI bjave 0e. Qaas krIne qetI9et/e i2ra`nI jruiryatova5ane nIca Vyajna dre i2ra`nI VyvS4a krI Aape 0e. temj i2ra` pUru paDe 0e.

2 .m@yS4 jmIn ivkas be>ko potana ivStarnI p/a4imk be>ko temj qeDUtone p/Ty9 ke pro9 rIte la<baga5anu i2ra` pUru paDe 0e. Aa p/karnu> i2ra` AavI be>ko iDbeNcsR bhar paDIne mUDIw>Do5 Aek#u> krIne krtI hoy 0e.

3. Aa p/karnI be<ko qeDUtoAe igro mUkelI jmIn pa0I me5vva ma3e qeDUtone i2ra` AaptI hoy 0e.

4. qeDUtone qet]Tpadn p@2it Ane jmInona su2arAo krva ma3e i2ra` pUru paDvama> Aave 0e.

5. qeDUtone bap-dadaAona trf4I m5elu> varsagt devu> cukvvama> Aa be>ko i2ra`nI suiv2aAo krI Aape 0e.

6. qeDUtone ivxe8 s>jogoma> jmIn qrIdvI hoy to te ma3e Aa p/karnI be>ko i2ra` pUru paDtI hoy 0e.

s>kilt g/am ivkas yojnaAo Ane jmIn ivkas be>ko: Svt>t/ta bad Aayojn p@2itAe Aai4Rk p/git sa2va ma3e p>cv8IRy yojnaAo tEyar krI Ane samUihk ivkas 63ko d/ara qetsu2ar`a, g/amivkas, p>caytI raJy Ane shkarI p/v<itne ivksavvana p/yTno 4ya hta> Qaas krIne g/am su2ar`a Ane g/am ivkas 9et/e lokoma> jag<it Aave g/am ]Tk8R ivxe p/car 4ay Ane shkarI p/v<itna ma@ym d/ara g/am ivkasno kayRk/m xKy bne, te ma3e judI judI yojnaAo tEyar krvama> AavI htI. jema> H.Y.V.P. High Yielding Varaities Programme, S.F.D.A. Small Farmers Development Agencies, M.F.A.L. Marginal Farmers And Agricultural Labour, N.R.E.P. National Rural Employment Programme, T.R.Y.S.E.M. Training of Rural Youth For Self Employment Management.  Vgerene smavex 4ay 0e. 1977 ma> ccaR ivcar`a 4ya bad s>kilt g/am ivkas kayRk/m I.R.D.P. Intigration Rural Development programme xru krvama> AaVyo hto. xruAatma> dexna 2300 Blokma> Ane pa054I svRt/ dexna 5011 Blokma> Aa kayRk/mne ivStarvama> AaVyo hto.

      Aa kayRk/mna AmlIkr` ma3e drek ijLla S45e ijLla g/am AejNsI D.R.D.A. District Rural Development Agency je khevay 0e tenI S4apna 4yel 0e. Aa s>S4ana inyamk trIke je te ijLlana ivkas Ai2karI ( D.D.O.) kam kre 0e. Aa rIte Aek j VyvS4att/ nIce jrurI sa2no Ane suiv2aAonu s>kln krI cokks ivStarna> jU4ona lokono Aai4Rk ivkas sa2va iviv2 p/v<itAo s>kilt krI ha4 2rvama> Aave 0e. jene s>kilt g/am ivkas kayRk/m khevama> Aave 0e. Aa kayRk/m he#5 judI judI be>ko Ane lIDbe>k d/ara be>ik>g Plan tEyar krvama> Aave 0e. Ane ijLla ivkasma> kam krtI sb>i2t be>kone i2ra`no kayRk/m fa5vvama> Aave 0e. jema> rai*3<yk<t be>ko ijLla shkarI be>ko, g/amI`be>ko, jmIn ivkas be>ko kam kre 0e. jmIn ivkas be>ko Aa kayRk/m he#5 pa`Ina kUva bnavva, kUva ]pr p>pse3 fI3 krva, dU2a5a !oro, b5d, b5dgaDa> }>3, }>3gaDa>, mr6a> ]0er, 6e3a> ]0er, gobrges, ke3l seDz\, famR foreS3<I vgere hetuAono smavex

 

4ay 0e. Aa hetusr i2ra` same sbsIDI Aapvama> Aave 0e. je 25 4I 50 % su2InI hoy 0e. Aa p/karna hetul9I kayRk/mo ma3e jmIn ivkas be>ko sarI AevI rkmonu> i2ra` AaptI hoy 0e.

shkarI rai*3<y k<i8 g/amI` ivkas be>k feDrexn mu>b[:

National Cooperative Agricultural And Rural Development Banks Federation, Bombay.

 

      dexma> kam krtI 27 je3lI k<i8 g/am ivkas be>kona bnela Aa feDrexnnI rcna 1960 ma> krvama> AavI htI. teno muQy ]dex tenI saMy be>kone @yey is@2 krva iviv2 sevaAo pUrI paDvano 0e. Ane la>bI mudtna i2ra` ma5qane s@2r krva magRdxRn Aapvano 0e.Aa feDrexnna> tena karkIdIRna> 35 v8Rpura> kyaR p0I 1991-92 na> v8R drMyan ruipya 1000 kroDnu la>bI mudtnu> i2ra` qetIna ivkas ma3e AaPyu> htu. Aa#mI yojnana A>te tenu> kul i2ra` ru. 2000 kroD ]prnu 4xe Aevo A>daj hto. Aa ]pra>t feDrexn trf4I The National Centre for Management Development in Agricultural And Rural Development Banking Banglore. namnI s>S4a Aeip/l 1990 4I xru krvama> AavI htI. tema> k<i8 g/amivkas be>ko na S3af ma3e Management Training nI sgvDo Aapvama> Aave 0e. Aa seN3rne rabo beNk feDrexn ne2rleND trf4I shy m5el 0e. Aa ]pra>t Aa feDrexn Aa[.sI. Ae., [N3rnexnl refezIn yuinyn

( I.R.U.) Ane Aeixya AeND peisifk rurl AeND Aeig/. k/eiD3 AesosIAexn ( APRACA ) na sWypd 2rave 0e, tenI sa4e tena in*`atona Anuwvono ivinmy kre 0e.

Waartma> ivkas

      dexma> k<i8 g/amivkas be>konI xaqaAo 2842 0e. gujratma> 181 0e. Jyare ijLla Ane p/dexoma> AofIsonI s>Qya 321 nI 0e. tema> qeDUt swasdonI s>Qya 139208842 0e.

      k<i8 Ane g/amI` ivkas be>konI p/git nIcena Aa>kDaAo ]pr4I Sp*3 4ay 0e.

 

      ]proKt Aa>kDa pr4I Sp*3 4ay 0e ke jmIn ivkas be>konI s>Qya Ane sWys>Qya 0eLla ke3lak v8oRma> qUb j zDpI v2aro 4yo 0e. temj Aa p/karnI be>ko pase kayRkarI mUDIw>Do5nu> p/ma` p` qUb j v2u 0e. Aa mUDIw>Do5na s>dwRma> i2ra`9et/e temnI p/git qUb j 2ImI jova m5e 0e.1994-95 ma> keNd/Iy jmIn ivkas be>k Ane p/a4imk jmIn ivkas be>konI s>Qya Anuk/me 19 Ane 2450 je3lI htI. temj tem`e Aapelu kul i2ra` ru. 28000 krOD je3lu htu.

jmIn ivkas be>konI myaRdaAo: 1. jmIn ivkas be>ko i2ra`nI Amuk myaRda4I v2u p/ma`ma> i2ra` AapI xktI n4I.

2.jmInna mailkI hKk hova jo[Ae, Ae3le ke Aa be>ko jmIn mailkone j i2ra` AapI xke 0e. g`oityane i2ra` AaptI n4I.

3. q>Divwajn Ane ]pivwajn4I qeDUtone Ao0ama> Ao0u> i2ra` p/aPt 4tu hova4I qeDUto Aa p/karnu> i2ra` levanI [C0a 2ravta n4I.

4. jmInnI Aakar`I krnar Ai2karIAonI s>Qya Ao0I hova4I i2ra` p/aPt krvama> qUb j muXkelIAo pDe 0e, temj smyma> ivl>b 4ay 0e.

5. i2ra`no ]pyog ANy hetuAo ma3e 4to hova4I vsulatna Anek p/&no ]piS4t 4ta hoy 0e.

AbRn koAopre3Iv be>ko: ( nagirk shkarI be>ko )

          jmRnInI sULz DelIc ( nagrIk ) be>ko Ane [3alInI shkarI seval9I m>D5IAona kayoR4I p/waivt 4[ gujratna vDodrana sevawavI kayRkroAe 1889 na vs>tp>cmIna idvse Aek nanI nagirk i2ra` m>D5InI S4apna krI htI. jenu> nam ANyoNy shaykarI shkarI mD>5I htu>. Aam smg/ Aeixyaq>Dma> gujrat Ae nagirk shkarI be>knI mat<wUim g`ay 0e.

nagirk shkarI be>konI VyaQya: nagirk shkarI be>k Ae Aek AevI be>k 0e ke jenI no>2`I xherI ke A2RxherI ivStarma> 4yelI hoy 0e. jenu> wrpa[ 4yelu> xerw>Do5 xherI ivStarma> Ao0ama> Ao0u> ruipya 3 laq su2Inu> hoy Ane A2RxherI ivStaroma> ruipya 1 laqnu> hoy 0e. be>kI>g reGyulexn AeK3 shkarI m>D5IAonI lagu pDtI jogva[Ao Anu>sar tenI klm-5 ma> Aapel VyaQya mujb p/a4imk shkarI be>k Ae3le shkarI m>D5I 1. jeno muQy ]dex be>>ik>g hovo jo[Ae 2. jenu> wrpa[ 4yelu> xerw>Do5 Ane rIzvRf>D ruipya 1 laq krta> Ao0u> na hoy tena pe3a kaydama> bI+ ko[ shkarI m>D5Ine sWy trIke daql krvanI jogva[ hovI jo[Ae nhI>

]dexo: 1. swasdo Ane ibnswasdo pase4I 4ap`o Aek#I krvI.

      2. jatjamIngIrI ]pr i2ra` krvu>.

      3. be>kI>gne lgtu> kamkaj krvu>

      4. sonaca>dIna dagIna vgere ]pr i2ra` Aapvu>

      5. se[f DIpozI3 voL3nI sgvD pUrI paDvI.

      6. smajna nb5a vgoRne i2ra` Aapvu>

Waartma> ivkas: wartma> 1967-68na v8Rnte 925 htI te v2Ine 1991-92 ma> 1392 4[ htI. Jyare sWys>Qya 1,3200000 htI> kul 4ap`o 8660 kroD htI. Ane kul i2ra` 6802 kroD je3lu> krvama> AaVyu htu>. tenI kayRkarI mUDI 11400 htI. Aa m>D5IAoAe smg/ wartma> kul 230 ijLlane AavrI lI2a hta. raJyvar s>Qya jo[Ae to 78% je3lI m>D5IAo gujrat, mahara*3<, di9`na car raJyoma> AavI htI. 1390 be>ko pEkI 38 je3lI mihla shkarI be>ko htI. mra#e simtInI wlam` Anusar ijLldI# Aek mihla be>k S4pay to mihlaAona samaijk Aai4Rk ]Tk8Rma> mhTvnu> p/dan krI xke tevI ivxa5 xKytaAo rhelI 0e.

smSyaAo:

1.Asmtol ivkas: dexma> nagrIk be>kono ivkas smtol 4yo n4I. Aaje p` k3elak ijLlaAoma> AavI be>ko4I v>ict 0e. be>kona Asmtol ivkas ma3e jvabdar pirb5oma> netagIrIma> ]Tsahno Awav, temj shkarI qataAe p` ]Tsah btaVyo n4I.

2. na`akIy iS4it: nagirkbe>kone raJy ke keNd/ srkar trf4I p>cv8IRy yojnaAo he#5 ko[ na`akIy shay m5tI n4I. 0ta> p` Aa be>koAe sarI p/git krI 0e. Aa#mI yojnama> qas yojnaAo bnavI Aa be>kone jrurI shay Aapvama> Aave to samaijk Aai4Rk ivkasma> teno mo3o fa5o  m5I rhe tem 0e.

3. prvana ( laysNs ) me5vvama> ivl>b: ATyare nagirk be>kone xaqaAo qolvama> la>bI Ane A3p3I ivi2ma>4I psar 4vu> pDe 0e. Ane laysNs me5vvama> 6`o smy jay 0e.

4. raJy shkarI be>konI mdd: raJy shkarI be>koAe temnu> @yan qetiv8yk m>D5IAo ]pr kyu>R 0e,Ae3le ke nagirk be>konI ]pe9a krI 0e. nagirkbe>ko ma3e judI be>k hovI jo[Ae.

5. Ai2karIAone talIm: nagirk be>koma> kam krta Ai2karIAo Ane kmRcarIAo ma3eno manv sa2n ivkas kayRk/m tEyar krvo jo[Ae. je4I krIne nagrIk be>kona s>calnnu> VyvsayIkr` krI xkay. toj nagirk be>kone v2u sf5ta m5I xkxe. ma3e Ai2karIAo Ane kmRcarIAone talIm Aapva ma3e talImkeNd/o ]wa> krva> jo[Ae.

gujratma> ivkas:  gujratma> 18 ijLlama> 180 ngroma> 288 be>ko cale 0e. vai`Jy9et/e p/it*#a 2ravta Aagevano tenu> s>caln krI rHya 0e. 288 be>konI 305 xaqaAo temna ivStaroma> ]2og-2>2o rojgarI Vyvsay9et/e mhTvnu> p/dan krI rhI 0e. Aa be>konI kul 4ap`o 2300 kroDnI 0e. je i2ra` ma3e muQy Saa2n p/ma` 0e. wrpa[ 4yelI mUDI 91 kroD Ane Anamt w>Do5 360 kroD 0e. Jyare kul kayRkarI w>Do5 3200 kroD Ane 4ap`o 2300 kroD 0e. juda juda hetuAo ma3e 1900 kroDnu i2ra` Aapelu 0e. 1990-91ma> 60 kroDno nfo kyoR hto. Aa be>koma> 20 laq swasdo, 51 laq 4ap`daro 8 laq krjdaro Ane 12000 je3la Ai2karIAo kmRcarIAo kayRxIl 0e. tena 1904 kroDna i2ra`ma> 940 kroD Ag/Im9et/one pUru paDyu 0e.

nagirkbe>konI p/git 1991 ru. kroDma>

 

k/m

Waart

gujrat

s>Qya

1163

288

xaqaAo

---

305

xerw>Do5

299.57

91.58

rIzvRf>D

658.28

360.02

4ap`o

7950.58

2342.60

Krj

376.53

123.62

kayRkarI mUDI

10366.74

3260.70

lon-i2ra`

6179.60

1904.95

lon-i2ra` bakI

5719.43

1645.76

vsulat

3696.87

---

4ap`daro

---

5190750

swasd

17516000

2081706

i2ra`lenara

4546000

791458

nfokrtI be>ko

849

280

nuksan krtI be>ko

38

05

nuksannI rkm

2.13

0.089

nhI nfo nhI nksan

10

03

 

raJyvar be>ko

 

raJy

be>ko

xaqaAo

raJy

be>ko

xaqaAo

raJy

be>ko

xaqaAo

Aa>2/

66

106

jMmu

3

8

mIzorm

1

1

Aasam

6

8

k`aR3k

216

404

idLhI

18

38

ibhar

5

7

Kerala

59

166

AorISsa

13

25

gova

6

38

m.p/.

42

63

Pa>aDecerI

2

3

gujrat

288

305

mhara*3<

387

1478

p>jab

6

7

hrIya`a

8

11

m`Ipur

5

11

rajS4an

22

50

ihmacl

4

4

mee6aly

2

2

it/pura

1

1

yu.pI

38

64

p.b>ga5

48

78

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

shkarI ix9` Ane talIm

 

shkarI ix9`na ]dexo j`avI tenI muQy p@2itAo j`avo. A4va shkarI ix9`nu> mhTv Sp*3 krI wartma> 4yela ivkasnu> ict/ Sp*3 kro.

p/Stavna: Aa2uink yug ix9` Ane s>xo2nno yug 0e. ko[p` dexna Aai4Rk ivkasna juda juda 9et/o jeva ke qetI, ]2og/, vahn Vyvhar, s>dexa Vyvhar, vIj5IxiKt vgerema> ix9` talIm Ane s>xo2nnu> mhTv ivxe8 jova m5e 0e. shkarI p/v<it p` Aa2uink A4RVyvS4anI Aek nvI xo2qo5 0e. ma3e teno ivkas krva shkarI ix9` Ane talImnu> mhTv ivxe8 jova m5e 0e. shkarI ix9` Ane talImnu> mhTv nIcena ]dexo d/ara Sp*3 4[ xke 0e.

]dexo:

1. shkarI9et/e kayRktaR sWyo netaAo Ai2karIAo vgerene shkar A>genu> s>pU`R )an p/aPt

    4ay te ma3e shkarI ix9` mhTvnu> 0e.

2. shkarI p/v<itma> kayR krnaraAoma> kayR9mta v2e te ma3e shkarI ix9` Ane talIm   

  AgTyna 0e.

3. shkarI ktaRAoma> vfadarI p/mai`Kta Ane in*#a jeva gu`o ivkas pame te ma3e shkarI

   ix9` mhTv 2rave 0e.

4. shkarI p/v<itno dexna ivStaroma> smtol ivkas 4ay te ma3e shkarI ix9` Ane

   talIm tmam 9et/one Aapva> jo[Ae.

5. shkarI m>D5IAoma> kayRktaR kmRcarIAoma> Ane Ai2karIAone shkarI p/v<it ivxe maihtI

p/aPt 4ay te ma3e shkarI ix9` Ane talIm AgTyna> 0e.

      ]proKt ]dexo is@2 krva ma3e ko[ p` dexma> shkarI ma5qane kayR9m bnavva nIcenI p@2itAo Apnavvama> Aave 0e.

shkarI ix9`nI p@2itAo:

1. AWyas vtu>R5: shkarI ix9`nI Aa p@2itma> je lokone shkarI p/v<itma> rs hoy teva loko AWyas vtuR5nI rcna kre 0e. Aa AWyas vtuR5ma> qUb j Ao0I s>Qyama> p/vex Aapvama> Aavto hoy 0e. je4I krIne tena vhIv3nI kamgIrI kayR9mtapUvRk 4[ xke. AWyas vtuR5ma> je lokoAe p/vex me5Vyo hoy teAo potano ke3lok smy fajl paDIne shkarI p/v<it A>ge pepr VyaQyan ivgere lqI lave 0e. Tyarbad tena ]pr ccaR-ivcar`a krvama> Aave 0e. Ane je pepr ccaR-ivcar`a bad yoGy lage teno shkarI p/v<itma> Aml krvama> Aave 0e. Aa p/karnu> AWyas vtuR5 sO4I p/4m 1952 ma> Aekseel gores namna shkarI kayRkre SvIDnma> rCyu> htu>.

2. p/dxRno-talImvgoR-pyR3no-mulakato:

A. p/dxRno: shkarI p/v<itna ivkas ma3e juda juda S45e shkarI p/dxRno yo+ne shkarI p/v<itna juda juda wagonI smjUtI Aapta> poS3ro rjU krva> jo[Ae. Aa poS3ro d/ara shkarI p/v<itna faydaAo temj gerfaydaAono Qyal AavI xke 0e. temj shkarI kayRkrone temnI ferjnu> wan Aa poS3ro d/ara AapI xkay 0e.

b. talImvgoR: shkarI p/v<itma> joDayela kayRkro Ane swasdone shkarI p@2it A>genI s>pU`R maihtI p/aPt 4ay temj shkarnI kayRp@2itnI smjUtI Aapva ma3e Aava talImvgoR yojva jo[Ae. Aa talImvgoR d/ara yoGy kayR9m Ane in*#avan kayRkro tEyar 4ta> shkarI p/v<itno ivkas zDpI bne 0e.

k. pyR3no: shkarna ivkas ma3e juda juda S45oAe teno ivkas kevo Ane kevI rIte 4yo 0e te ja`va ps>d krayela S45oAe p/vas yojvo jo[Ae. Aa p/vasno muQy ]dex shkarI kayRktaRne p/Ty9 Anuwv p/aPt 4[ xke te 0e.

D. mulakato: shkaroma> joDayela kayRkro netaAo AWyasIAo AnuwvIAo vgerenI mulakat go#vIne shkarI p/v<itna ivkasma> yoGy idxasUcn krI xkay 0e. lokonI mulakatone kar`e shkarI p/v<it A>genI mhTvnI maihtI p/aPt 4ay 0e.Ane Aa maihtI Ane magRdxRn he#5 shkarI s>S4aAono zDpI ivkas xKy bnto hoy 0e.

3.ict/p3 for\m: qas krIne ivkist dexoma> shkarI p/v<it A>geno p/car shkar A>gena> ict/p3 for\m }wa krIne (ifLm btavIne ) 4[ xke 0e. kar` ke Aa2uink jmanama> ko[p` p/v<itna p/carnu> muQy sa2n ict/p3 0e. Aa shkarI 9et/ma> p` shkar A>genI ifLm joya bad te A>genI ccaR ivcar`a krvama> Aave 0e. Tyarbad tena tar`na mud<aAono shkarI m>D5IAoma> ]pIyog krvama> Aave 0e.

4. ixibro: (keMps\) ke3lIk shkarI s>S4aAo shkarna ix9` ma3e shkarI ixibro yoje 0e. AavI ixibroma> joDayela shkarIAoAe svar 4I sa>j su2I shkarI kayR krvanu> hoy 0e. te ]pra>t ke3lak mnor>jn kayRk/m, )ango*#I, ccaRswaAo vgere Anek jatnI p/v<itAo 4ay 0e. Aa ixibrono ]dex }>cnIcna wedwav wUlIne Aa sWyone shkarI talIm Aapvano 0e.

5. shkarI saihTy: shkarI9et/e 4ta nva ferfaro t4a calu ferfaro shkarI sWyo su2I pho>caDva ma3e shkarI saihTy AgTynu> kayR kre 0e. Aava saihTyo d/ara shkarnI sf5taAo in*f5taAo Ane myaRdaAo lokmans su2I pho>caDvama> Aave 0e. pi`ame je loko shkarI p/v<itma> rs leta hoy ke na leta hoy temne shkarma> joDavva ma3enu> p/oTsahn p/aPt 4ay 0e.

shkarI talIm

      shkarI9et/e kayR krta sWyo netaAo Ai2karIAo vgerene shkarI p/v<it A>genI maihtI Ane magRdxRn p/aPt 4ay te ma3e temne talIm AapvI jrurI 0e. Aa talImnI p@2itAo nIce p/ma`e 0e.

1. netaAone talIm: shkarI9et/e kayR krta netaAone shkarna is@2a>tonI maihtI p/aPt 4ay te ma3e temne talIm AapvI jrurI 0e. Aa netaAone talIm Aapva ma3e shkarI semInaronI rcna krvI jo[Ae. Aava semInaroma> shkarI netaAone shkarna is@2a>to, myaRdaAo, Ane smSyaAo ivxe )an Aapvama> Aave 0e. te ]pra>t shkarI p/v<itnI kayR p@2it ivxe p` talIm Aapvama> Aave 0e.

    Qaas krIne wartnI shkarI p/v<itma> Aevu> jova m5e 0e ke shkarI m>D5IAona

 netaAo shkarI )an ivxe A)an hoy 0e. Ane teva netaAone pir`ame shkarI p/v<itno ivkas Avro2ay 0e. Aam shkarI p/v<itna ivkas ma3e shkarI netaAone talIm AapvI jrurI 0e.

2. VyvS4apk simitna sWyo Ane swasdone talIm: Aek ivcarsr`I AevI p/vtRman 0e ke shkarI m>D5InI kayRvahk simitma> cU3ata sWyone shkar A>genI pUrtI maihtI m5tI n4I. te4I shkarI m>D5Ino vhIv3 kayR9m rIte 4to n hova4I tene b>2 krI devI pDe 0e. Aam shkar A>genI maihtI purI paDva ma3e ccaR swaAo, ixibro, p/vaso vgerenu> Aayojn krvu> jo[Ae. Ane tena d/ara kayRvahk simitna sWyo temj samaNy sWyone talIm AapvI jo[Ae.

3. m>t/IAo Ane kmRcarIAone talIm: ko[p` shkarI m>D5Ina ivkasno payo tena m>t/I Ane kmRcarIAona s>caln ]pr rhelo 0e. m>D5Ina ivkasno Aa2ar m>t/I temj kmRcarIAonu> sWyo sa4enu> vtRn, sWyo AakR8vanI p@2it, xu@2 vhIv3 vgere babto pr rhelo 0e. Aa babt A>genI m>D5Ina m>t/I Ane kmRcarIAone talIm Aapva ma3e wartnI mo3awagnI yuinvisR3IAoma> shkar A>gena vgoR S4apvama> Aavela 0e.

4. Ai2karIAone talIm: shkarI t>t/ mo3ewage shkarI Ai2karIAonI tumarxahI pr caltu hoy 0e. p/eK3Ikl kayR krvane bdle shkarI Ai2karIAo AapqudxahI vl` Apnave 0e. jo shkarI Ai2karI Aa p/karnu> vl` Apnave to shkarI p/v<itma>4I shkarI wavna n*3 4[ jay 0e. je4I krIne Aava Ai2karIAone shkarI semInaro d/ara talIm AapvI jo[Ae.

5. s>xo2n krta kayRkrone talIm: ko[p` p/v<itnI ivStarpUvRknI smjUtI ma3e s>xo2n AgTynu> sa2n 0e. shkarI s>S4aAo p` shkarna ivix*3 )an ma3e s>xo2n xa5aAo qolvI jo[Ae Ane tema> kayR krta kayRkrone p/oTsahn p/aPt 4ay te ma3e yoGy [namnu> Aayojn krvu> jo[Ae. Aam shkarI s>xo2n4I shkarI p/v<it zDpI bntI hoy 0e.

 

Waartma> ivkas:

 

      Waartma> shkarI p/v<itno ]trotr ivkas 4yo hova 0ta> tene 2arelI sf5ta p/aPt 4[ xkI n4I. ANy dexonI srqam`Ima> wartma> shkarI ix9`nu> p/ma` qUb j nIcu> hova4I shkarI9et/e kayR krI xke teva ixi9t VyvS4apko kmRcarIAo Ane Ag/esrono Awav jova m5e 0e. Ane te4I j shkarI p/v<itno ivkas qUb j 2Imo rhelo jova m5e 0e.

      xruAatna tbKkama> wartIy shkarI p/v<itnu> s>caln shkarI Ai2karIAo Ane r+S3<aro pase shetu htu>. je4I krIne Aa shkarI Ai2karIAo Ane r+S3<aro shkarI p/v<itma> no>2pat/ fa5o AapI xKya n hta. pr>tu 1918 ma> m@yS4 shkarI [NS3I3yu3nI S4apna 4ya bad shkarI9et/e ix9` Ane talImnu> p/ma` v2va laGyu> htu>. Tyarbad 1935 ma> DailR>gnI wlam` Anu>sar shkarI Amldarone ix9` Ane talIm AapvanI jogva[ krI Aapvama> AavI htI. Aa jogva[ Anu>sar shkarI Amldarone t/` ivwagoma> vhe>cI naqvama> AaVya hta> jema> ]Cck9ana, m@ymk9ana/ Ane nIcla Strna Amldarono smavex 4to hto. Tyarbad 1941 ma> mdnsimitAe Ane 1960 ma> S3DI 3Ime shkarI ix9` Ane talIm A>genI iviv2 p/karnI wlam`o krI htI. Aa2uink smyma> wartma> shkarI ix9` Ane talIm A>genI tmam kamgIrI nexnl ko.Ao. yuinyn Aof [NDIya bjave 0e. ]proKt tmam wlam`one Aa2are wartma> shkarI ix9` Ane talIm ma3ena nIce p/ma`ena p/yaso 4ya 0e.

1.   ]Cck9ana Amldaro ma3e isinyr AofIsr 3>ein>g ko8R ma3e pUnama> shkarI kolej S4apvama> AavI 0e. 1952 ma> Aar. bI. Aa[. Ae Aa kolejnI S4apna krI htI. Tyarbad AavI 14 kolejonI S4apna krvama> AavI htI.

2.   m@ymk9ana Amldaro ma3e pUna, md/as, ra>cI, mer#,  [Ndor Ane vLlwiv2angrma> Aem 0 seN3ronI S4apna krvama> AavI 0e. Aa AWyasnI mudt 12 masnI raqvama> AavI 0e.

3.   nIcla Strna Amldaro ke jema> taluka k9ana shkarI kmRcarIAono p` smavex 4ay 0e, temne ma3e juda juda ivStaroma> ix9` Ane talIm ma3ena> 63 keNd/o S4apvama> AaVya> 0e. jena AWyasnI mudt 0 masnI raqvama> AavI 0e.l

4.   shkarI p/v<itna ibn AmldarI kayRkro ma3e 530 s>S4aAonI S4apna krelI 0e. 1990 su2Ima> ]proKt tmam s>S4aAoma> nIce p/ma`enI p/git jova m5e 0e.

 

1

isinyr Amldaro

1

8504

2

m@ymk9ana Amldaro

14

59299

3

nIcla Strna Amldaro

63

167722

           

      Aa>.ra.9et/e p` shkarI ix9` Ane talImnI Anek VyvS4a jova m5e 0e. jema> ib/3nnI ib/3Is ko-Ao kolej, f/aNsnI [N3rnexnl ha[Skul Aof ko-Aoprexn, keneDIyn koDI [N3rnexnl [NS3I3yu3, AmerIkanI [N3rnexnl ko-Ao seN3r vgereno smavex 4ay 0e. Aeixyama> Aeixyn [NS3I3yu3 Aof Aeg/IkLcr ko-Aoprexn dILhI. Aam wartma> temj ivdexoma> shkarI kayRkro ma3e Skul, kolej, iv2alyo, mhaiv2alyo vgerema> shkarI ix9` Ane talImna AWyask/mono smavex krvama> AaVyo 0e.

 

                       

 

 

 

 

raJy Ane shkar

 

p/&n: shkar Ane raJy vCceno s>b>2 tpasI raJy trf4I shkarne p/aPt 4tI mddnu> v`Rn kro.

A4va shkarma> raJyno fa5o j`avo

p/Stavna: Aa2uink Aai4Rk ivcar2araAona [ithasma> raJy Ane shkar vCceno s>b>2 v2une v2u ivkas 4[ rHyo 0e. raJynI qas mhTvnI p/v<it lok kLya` A>genI Ane tema> v2aro 4ay te A>genI 0e. bI+ baju shkarI p/v<itno p` muQy ]dex Aai4Rk rIte p0at vgRnea ]Tk8R krvano rhelo 0e. Aam raJy Ane shkar bNnenI p/v<itAo ko[p` dexna kLya` temj sm<i@2ma> v2aro krvanI 0e. ma3e Aem khI xkay ke shkar Ane raJy vCce 6in*3 s>b>2 rhelo 0e. Aa s>b>2 tpasva ma3e nIcena be di*3ko` l9ma> levama> Aave 0e.

1. raJynu> shkar p/Tye vl`: iviv2 dexonI Aai4Rk rcna p/ma`e shkarI p/v<it p/Tye rajyna iviv2 vl`o jova m5e 0e. ke3lak dexoma> raJynu> shkar p/Tyenu> vl` p/oTsahn Aapvanu> hoy 0e. Jyare ke3lak dexoma> shkarno ivro2 p` kre 0e. qas krIne lokxahI dexoma> raJynu> vl` shkarne p/oTsahn Aapvanu>> hoy 0e. raJy d/ara shkarne krmuiKt na`akIy mdd s>g/hrcna s>caln A>gena inymo  Ane sgvDo temj ke3lIk ivix*3 p/karnI svlto Aapvama> AavtI hoy 0e. Jyare saMyvadI dexoma> rai*3<ykr` pamela Ane raJy s>cailt ]2ogone v2u mhTv p/aPt 4tu hova4I shkarI p/v<it pr iny>t/` mUkvama> Aave 0e. ke3lIk vqt saMyvadI srkar potano ]dex is@2 krva ma3e shkarI p/v<itne ha4o bnave 0e. Aam iviv2 dexonI A4Rrcna p/ma`e raJynu> shkar p/Tyenu> vl` vEiv@ypU`R jova m5e 0e.

      AadxR ivcar2ara p/ma`e ko[p` dexnI srkare shkarI p/v<it p/Tye smtuilt vl` raqvu> jo[Ae je dexnI srkar potana ]dexonI isi@2Ao qatr shkarI s>g#nno ]pyog kre to tevI piriS4it joqmkark g`vama> Aave 0e. ma3e sr hores Pl>ke3e potana puStk COOPERATIONma> J`aVyu> 0e ke raJynI mdd SvEiC0k p/yasonI cetnv>t Ane pUrk bnave tevI hovI jo[Ae, nhI ke te SvEiC0k p/yasonI Avej bne. Aam raJynu> shkar p/Tyenu> vl` smtuilt hovu> AavXyk 0e.

2. shkarnu> raJy p/Tye vl`: shkarI pv<itna raJy p/Tyena vl`nI babtma> nIcenI t/` babtone l9ma> levama> Aave 0e.

      1. shkarI p/v<itAe rajkar`ma> sik/y wag levo jo[Ae nhI>

      2. shkarI p/v<itAe rajkar`ma> AmUk p9ne mdd krvI jo[Ae nhI.

      3. shkarI p/v<itAe rajkar` p/Tye t3S4 rhevu> jo[Ae.

            ]proKt babto p/Tye di*3pat krIAe to Aem khI xkay ke shkarI p/v<it mo3ewage rajkar`ma> sik/y wag letI n4I. pr>tu tena kayRktaRAo rajkar`ma> wag leta hoy 0e. da t. ib/3nma> shkarI p/v<it Aek p9rupe rajkar`ma> cU>3`I lDtI hoy 0e. je4I krIne ib/3nnI shkarI p/v<itno ivkas Avro2ato hoy 0e. tem 0ta> dinyana mo3awagna dexono Aevo Anuwv 0e ke shkarI p/v<itAe rajkar`ma> wag levo jo[Ae nhI>.

      shkarI p/v<itAe rajkar`ma> ko[p` p9ne mdd krvI Ae joqmkark g`vama> Aave 0e. kar` ke je p9ne mdd krvama> AavI hoy te p9 cU3`I harI jay Ane je p9ne mdd krvama> n AavI hoy te p9 cU3`I +tI jay to sta prno p9 shkarI p/v<itno Avro2k bne tevo s>wv rhelo 0e. ma3e shkarI p/v<itAe raJyna ko[p` p9 mdd krvI jo[Ae nhI>.

      t/I+ di*3Ae jo[Ae to shkarI p/v<it rajkar` p/Tye t3S4 vl` Apnave tevu> sUcvvama> AaVyu 0e. keneDa Ane SvIDn shkarI p/v<itna> Sp*3 ]dahr`o 0e ke Aa dexoma> shkarI p/v<itne rajkar`4I Alg raqva4I teno 6`o j ivkas 4yo 0e. Jyare beL+ym jmRnI [3alI jeva dexoma> shkarI p/v<it Ane rajkar` Aek sa4e kayR krta> hova4I shkarI p/v<it Avro2a[ htI. te4I musolI jeva saMyvadI netaAe j`aVyu 0e ke je potana ]Nnt samaijk @yey ma3e jag<t 0e je 2mR4I Ane rajkar`4I pr 0e, teva shkarI s>g#n p/Tye marI sd\wavna 0e. Aam shkarI p/v<itnu> rajkar` p/Tye t3S4 vl` hovu> jo[Ae.

 

shkarne rajkar` trf4I p/aPt 4tI mdd: ( raJyno shkarI p/v<itma> fa5o )

 

      samaNy rIte yuropna dexoma> shkarI p/v<itne raJy trf4I ko[p` p/karnI mdd p/aPt 4tI n4I. te4I Aa dexoma> raJyonI mddnu> mhTv jova m5tu n4I. Jyare ALpivkist dexoma> tena4I ivru@2nI piriS4it jova m5e 0e. kar` ke ALpivkist dexoma> zDp4I shkarI s>g#no ]wa 4[ xkta n4I. je4I krIne Aava dexoma> shkarI p/v<itna ivkas4eR raJyne mdd krvI pDe 0e. Aa s>dwRma> DaR. Ae ke. [3ne no>@yu> 0e ke shkarI p/v<it 0oDne ]0erva jevI p/v<it 0e. jem 0oDna ]0er ma3e tenI drek p/karnI s>wa5 levI pDe 0e, tem shkarI p/v<itna ivkas ma3e raJye s>wa5 levI pDe 0e. Jyare 0oD mo3o 4[ne AapoAap ivkse 0e tem shkarI p/v<it p` Amuk smy p0I potanI jate j ivkas pamxe. Ane potana sa2no pr Aa2ar raqI xkxe. Aam xruAatna tbKkama> shkarne raJy trf4I ke3lIk mdd Aapvama> Aave 0e. je nIce p/ma`e jo[ xkay 0e.

1.   2arakIy mdd: 2arakIy jogva[Ao shkarI p/v<itna ivkasma> qUb j mddrup 4[ pDe 0e. raJy d/ara shkarI m>D5IAona kaydaAo inymn Ane is@2a>tono Aml krIne shkarna ivkasma> mdd krvama> Aave 0e.

2.   na`akIy mdd: qas krIne ALpivkist dexoma> shkarI p/v<it na`akIy mdd isvay ivkas pamI xktI n4I. te4I Aava dexoma> raJy d/ara na`akIy shay Aapvama> Aave 0e. samaNy rIte shkarna is@2a>tono lop na 4ay temj raJye potano rajkIy di*3ko` baju pr mUkIne shkarna @yeyo par pDe tevI rIte mdd krvI jo[Ae.

3.   vhIv3I mdd: ko[p` shkarI t>t/na ivkasno Aa2ar tena vhIv3It>t/ pr rhelo 0e. raJyna vhIv3 t>t/e shkarI p/v<itna ivkasma> friend philosopher and guide trIkenI kamgIrI bjavvI jo[Ae.

4.   3ekinkl mdd: shkarI p/v<itna is@2a>toma> ix9` Ane talImno is@2a>t qUb j AgTyno 0e. ALpivkist dexoma> na`akIy k3ok3Ine kar`e shkarI p/v<it potana kmRcarIAonI temj sWyone ix9` Ane talIm pUrI paDI xktI n4I. Aava smye raJy d/ara ix9` Ane talImnI jogva[Ao krI AapvI jo[Ae.

 

]ps>har: ]proKt p/ma`e raJy Ane shkar vCcena s>b>2nI Sp*3ta krta> khI xkay ke ko[p` dexma> raJye xruAatna tbKkama> Aai4Rk shay AapvI jo[Ae. Ane AavI shay Jya> su2I shkarI p/v<it pgwr n 4ay Tya> su2I hovI jo[Ae. A4aRt Jyare shkarI p/v<it AaTminwRr bne Tyare raJy shkar  Aapvanu> b>2 krvu> jo[Ae. A>tma> Aar.DI bedI j`ave 0e ke raJynI mdd shkarI p/v<itna xruAatna tbKkama> AavXyk 0e. tem0ta> Ae shkarI p/v<itnu> kaymI l9` bnI n jay te @yanma> raqvu> jo[Ae. Aam smg/ di*3Ae jo[Ae to ko[p` dexma> shkarI p/v<itAe AaTminwRr bnIne potana sa2no d/ara potana @yeyo par paDva jo[Ae.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

iviv2 Aai4Rk s>S4aAo Ane shkar

 

p/&n: mUDIvadI s>S4aAo krta> shkarI s>S4aAo ivix*3 p/karnI hoy 0e, xu> Aem tme mano 0o  tmara m>tVy ma3ena> kar`o Aapo.

 

p/Stavna: Aa2uink smynI rajkIy ivcarsr`Ima> Anek rIte iviv2 pirvtRno Aavta> rHya> 0e. Aajna jmanama> raJy mat/ polIs raJy rHyu> n4I, pr>tu kLya` raJy bnI gyu 0e. raJynu> kayR p/jana +vn2or`ma> su2aro lavI kLya`ma> v<i@2 krvI temj dexma> Aai4Rk p/git sa2vanu> rhelu 0e. pir`ame drek dexnI iviv2 p/karnI Aai4Rk p22itAoma> sik/y rs l[ne potane Anurup AevI Aai4Rk nIitAo 6Dvama> raJyno fa5o mhTvno rhelo 0e. Aaje raJynu> mhTv Aai4Rk nIitAoma> Ae3lu> b2u v2I gyu> 0e ke juda juda ra*3<o potanI Aai4Rk p@2itAona name Ao5qay 0e, jem ke Ameirkn mUDIvad rixyn saMyvad wartIy lokxahI smajvad mjUrvad shkarvad ivgere p@2itAo je te dexnI Ao5qa` Aape 0e.

      Aa b2I p@2itAoma> potana ]dexo is@2 krva ma3e Aek p@2itna ivkLpma> bI+ p@2it Apnavvama> AavtI hoy 0e. Aam Jyare Aai4Rk p@2itAonI iviv2 rIte 0`av3 krvama> Aave Tyare shkarI p@2itno AWyas mhTvno bne 0e. te4I Aap`e ANy p@2itAonI mUlv`I kyaR isvay shkarI p@2it svR7e*# 0e tem iv&vaspUvRk khI xkIxu nhI, je4I krIne shkarI p/v<itnI 7e*#ta tpasva iviv2 p/karnI Aai4Rk p@2itAo sa4e tenI tulna krvI AavXyk bnI 0e.

mUDIvad Ane shkar

 

      mUDIvadI A4RVyvS4a sdIAo4I Aek SvIk<t Aai4Rk p@2it trIke Anek dexoma> S4an p/aPt krI cUkI 0e. Aajna mo3a wagna ivkist dexoAe potano Aai4Rk ivkas mUDIvadI p@2it he#5 sa@yo 0e Aem khevama> Aave 0e. samaNy pirwa8ama> mUDIvadna Qyalne rjU krta> ivilym lUks\ j`ave 0e ke mUDIvad Ae Aai4Rk s>g#nnI AevI p@2it 0e ke jema> manvIAe bnavelI Ane kudrte b9elI mUDInI qangI malIkI hoy 0e, Ane Aeno ]pyog qangI nfa ma3e 4to hoy 0e. Aa VyaQyane Aa2are mUDIvadno Qyal s>pU`R rIte Sp*3 4[ skto n4I. te4I mUDIvadna Qyalne Sp*3 krva ma3e tena l9`o @yanma> leva pDe 0e. samaNy rIte mUDIvadma> VyiKtgt nfo, ]Tpadnna sa2nonI qangI mailkI, qangI imlktno Ai2kar, varsa p@2itno hKk, ik>mt in2aRr`, hrIfa[nu tTv, 2>2anu> Svat>T/y, raJyno hSt9ep, g/ahknu> savRwOmTv ivgere l9`o jova m5e 0e.shkarI p@2itma> p` Aava ke3lak l9`ono smavex 4yelo jova m5e 0e.te4I ke3lak ivVdano shkarI p@2itne mUDIvadI p@2itna ivix*3 Svrup trIke Ao5qave 0e. Aam mUDIvad Ane shkar vCce ke3lIk saMyta jova m2e 0e. pr>tu mUDIvadna> ke3la>k dU8`o jeva> ke AavknI Asmanta g/ahk Ane mjUronu> xo8`, s>pitnu> keNd/Ikr`, wavnI AiS4rta vgerene kar`e shkarI p@2it tena4I judI pDe 0e. je4I krIne Aa b>Nne p@2itAo vCce mU5wUt rIte tfavt p` jova m5e 0e.

 

saMytana mud\aAo:

 

1.  mUDIno ]pyog:  mUDIvad Ane shkarma> mUDIno ]pyog ]Tpadnna sa2n trIke krvama> Aavto hoy 0e. te4I bNne p@2itAoma> ]Tpadnna sa2n trIke mUDInu> mhTv rhelu> 0e tem khI xkay. Aa p@2itAoma> SvEiC0k rIte mUDIno SvIkar krIne tena p/ma` ]pr bjardre Vyaj ke v5tr cUkvvama> Aave 0e. Aam bNne p@2itAoma> mUDIno ]pyog ivxe saMyta jovama> m5e 0e.

2.  ]Tpadnna sa2none v5tr: mUDIvadI Ane shkarI A4RVyvS4aAoma> ]Tpadnna sa2none AO0ama> Ao0a qceR p/aPt krvana p/yTno krvama> Aave 0e. Aa bNne s>S4aAoma> ]Tpadnna sa2no vgr ]Tpadn xKy n4I te inivRvadIt babt 0e. b>Nne s>S4aAoma> 7m mkan jmIn y>t/o s>calko temj ANy sa2nonI jrur pDtI hoy 0e. samaNy rIte ]Tpadnna sa2no ]Tpadnma> je rIte fa5o Aape 0e te p/ma`e temne v5tr cUkvvama> Aave 0e. jem ke mUDIne Vyaj, mkan Agr jmInne waDu 7mne vetn vgere p@2it4I v5tr cUkvay 0e.

3.   mhtm kayR9mta A4va vhIv3I kayR9mta: samaNy rIte ko[p` s>S4ana ivkasno Aa2ar tenI kayR9mta ]pr rhelo  hoy 0e. Aa bNne s>S4aAo potano Aai4Rk ivkas krIne }>cu +vn2or` +vvano p/yTn krtI hoy 0e. mUDIvadI p@2itma> p/Tyek sa2n ke Aekm pase mhtm kayR9mtanI Ape9a raqvama> hoy 0e. tevI j rIte shkarI s>S4ama> p` p/Tyek shkarI s>S4ano vhIv3 krksrpUvRk t4a kayR9mta4I 4ay te jrurI 0e. Aa bNne s>S4aAoma> jemjem Aai4Rk ivkas v2to jay tem tem tena kayR9et/nu> ivSt<itkr` 4tu> hoy 0e. pir`ame v2I gyela kayRivStarne pho>cI v5va ma3e v2are ne v2are in*`ato Ane vhIv3ktaRAone rokvama> Aavta hoy 0e.Ane temne temna kamna bdlama> yoGy v5tr cUkvvama> Aavtu hoy 0e. Aa bNne p@2itAo vhIv3I kayR9mtane Aavkare 0e.

4.   Aai4Rk savRwOmTv A4va VyiKtnu> Svat>t/: mUDIvad ke shkarma> raJyna hSt9epno SvIkar krvama> Aavto n4I. te4I bNne p@2itAoma> p/Tyek Aekm Aai4Rk savRwOmTv 2rave 0e. A4aRt VyiKt Svt>t/ hova4I tenI ]pr ko[p` jatnu> dba` ladvama> Aavtu n4I. je te VyiKtnI [C0a 4ay Tyare te mUDIvadI Aekmma> ke shkarI Aekmma> joDa[ xke 0e,temj 0U3o p` 4[ xke 0e. Aa bNne p@2itAoma> VyiKtne potanu> mhtm iht sa2vanI tmam tko Aapvama> Aave 0e. Aa di*3Ae Aap`e khI xkIAe ke bNne p@2itAoma> VyiKt Ae savRwOm 0e.

5.   nfano ]dex: mUDIvad Ane shkarma> 4oDe 6`e A>xe nfane pivt/ leqvama> Aave 0e kar` ke nfo Ae b>Nne p@2itAona Aai4Rk ivkasno AgTyno mapd>D 0e. mUDIvadma> nfanu> p/ma` jem v2u tem mUDIk>pnInI s@2rta v2are tem khI xkay te j rIte shkarI m>D5IAoma> tenI s@2rta nfana p/ma` pr rhelI 0e. samaNy rIte mUDIvad Ane shkarma> nfo kmavvano ]dex potanI Aai4Rk VyvS4ane ivStarvano rhelo 0e. pir`ame mUDIvad Ane shkar Ae nfane Aavkare 0e.

6.   qangI imlktno hKk: mUDIvadI A4RVyvS4ama> qangI imlkt Ane varsa p@2it AgTyna l9`o 0e. te4I Aa p@2itma> qangI imlktne nabUd krvama> AavtI n4I ko[p` VyiKt gme te3la p/ma`ma> qangI imlkt vsavI xke tevo hKk Aapvama> Aavto hoy 0e. ma3e mUDIvadma> qangI imlktne Aek A>tRgt wag trIke Ao5qavvama> aave 0e. qangI imlkt pr ko[ jtnI myaRda mUkavama> AavtI n4I. Aa j rIte shkarma> p` qangI imlktno hKk nabUd krvama> Aavto n4I. pr>tu shkarI p@2itma> ko[p` sWye qangI imlktma> v2aro krIne potanu> +vn2or` }>ce l[ jay tevo ]d\ex raqvama> aave 0e. tem 0ta> shkarma> qangI imlktne kar`e AavknI Asmantanu> p/ma` v2I jvu> n jo[Ae tena ]pr @yan raqvama> Aave 0e. Aam shkar Ane mUDIvadma> qangI imlkt Aavkare 0e.

7.   raJynI mdd: shkar Ane mUDIvadma> raJy trf4I je k>[ mdd p/aPt 4ay te SvIkarvama> Aave 0e. pr>tu bNne p@2itma>4I Aek p` p@2itne raJy trf4I 4tI dqlgIrI SvIkayR n4I. jo ke rixyn saMyvadIAonu> manvu> 0e ke shkarI p@2it Aek nankDa raJy jevI 0e, te4I tenI ]pr raJyno hSt9ep ho[ xke nhI. Aam shkar ke mUDIvadma> raJynI mdd p/aPt krvama> AavtI hoy 0e.

 

tfavtna mud\daAo:

 

         shkarna ]d\wvna smyma> rixyn saMyvadIAonu> manvu> htu ke shkarno  ]d\wv mUDIvade potanI qamIAo 0Upavva ma3e jate j kyoR 0e. te4I teAo shkarne mUDIvadnI dasI handmaid of capitalism trIke Ao5qave 0e. Aam Aa saMyvadIAoAe shkar Ane mUDIvadne Aek j p@2it trIke Ao5qavI 0e. pr>tu smyna pirvtRn sa4e Jyare mUDIvad Ane shkarna l9`oma> tfavt jova m%yo Tyare Aa saMyvadIAoAe kbUl kyuR ke mUDIvad Ane shkar bNne iviwNn p@2itAo 0e. Aa s>dwRma> heroD laSkI j`ave 0e ke mUDIvadI s>S4anI nfanI v<it NyayI smajnI rcna krxe Ae babt shkarma> mU5wUt rIte nkarvama> Aave 0e. kar` ke mUDIvadno payo xo8` ]pr rcayelo 0e, Jyare shkarno payo Aa xo8`ne nabUd krva ma3e rcayelo 0e. Aam bNne p@2itAoma> mU5wUt tfavt jova m5to hoy 0e. je nIce p/ma`e jo[ xkay 0e.

1.   mUDIna v5tr A>ge: mUDIvad Ane shkarma> ]Tpadnna Aek AgTyna sa2n trIke mUDIno ]pyog 4to hoy 0e. pr>tu mUDIvadma> mUDIno ]pyog mat/ mhtm nfa ma3e krvama> Aave 0e, Ane Aa nfanI vhe>c`I Ae mUDIna p/ma` ke xerna p/ma` ]pr krvama> AavtI hoy 0e. te j rIte ]Tpadnna sa2n trIke mUDIne je v5tr p/aPt 4ay 0e te v5trma> p` tfavt jova m5e 0e. mUDIvadma> jem nfanu> p/ma` v2u tem mUDI pr Vyaj ke v5tr ke DIvIDND ivgerenu> p/ma` v2are jova m5e 0e. Jyare shkarma> nfanI vhe>c`I NyayI is@2a>t pr 4tI hova4I je ko[ sWye shkarI m>D5Ima> seva AapI hoy ke seva lI2I hoy tena p/ma` ]pr krvama> Aave 0e. te j rIte ]Tpadnna sa2n trIke Aapvama> Aavtu> v5tr bjarma> p/vRtman Vyajna dre Aapvama> Aave 0e. Aam shkarma> mUDIne Aapvama> Aavtu v5tr Ae nfana p/ma` ]pr nhI p` nIcama> nIca bjardre Aapvama> Aavtu hoy 0e.

2.   VyiKtnu> mhTv: mUDIvadI s>g#n Ae mUDInu> s>g#n 0e,VyiKtnu> nhI, tema> mUDIno mhtm ]pyog krIne mhtm nfo me5vvano ]dex rhelo 0e. te4I mUDIvadma> mUDInu> mhTv ivxe8 hova4I mUDIAe mnu*y ]pr p/wuTv 2rave 0e.Jyare shkarI s>S4a Ae manvIAo d<ara }wu krvama> Aavelu> s>g#n 0e, Ane tema> mUDI Ae Aai4Rk hetuAo is@2 krvanu> mat/ sa2n 0e. Ane manvIno ]Tk8R krvanu> tenu> sa@y 0e. ma3e shkarma> mnu*y mUDI pr p/wuTv 2rave 0e.

3.   lokxahI s>caln: shkarma> shkarI m>D5IAona Ane mUDIvadma> jo[N3 S3ok k>pnIAona s>caln ma3e lokxahI s>calnno is@2a>t SvIkarvama> AaVyo 0e. Aam 0ta> bNne p@2itAona s>calnma> mU5wUt tfavt jova m5e 0e. samaNy rIte mUDIvadma> mUDIna p/ma` ke xernI s>Qya ]pr mtai2kar p/aPt 4to hova4I mUDIpitAonu> s>S4a ]pr vcRSv jova m5e 0e. te4I mo3e wage v2are mUDI 2ravtI VyiKtAo mUDIvadI s>S4anu> s>caln krtI hoy 0e. Jyare shkarI s>S4aAoma> ko[p` VyiKtAe mUDI gme t3lI AapI hoy ke xer lI2a hoy 0ta> p` Aek VyiKt Aek mtna svRSvIk<t AadxR is@2a>t p/ma`e sWyone mtai2kar p/aPt 4ay 0e. shkarI p@2itma> drek sWy m>D5Ina s>calnma> sman rIte wag l[ xke 0e. pir`ame tema> lokxahI is@2a>tnI ja5v`I 4ta> Vyvharma> Aai4Rk lokxahIna> dxRn 4ay 0e.

4.   Aai4Rk smanta: mUDIvadma> 2nvan v2u 2nvan bnto hoy 0e, Jyare grIb v2u grIb bnto hoy 0e. te4I AavknI Asmantane mUDIvadnu> mU5wUt dU8` g`vama> Aave 0e. mUDIvadma> AavknI Asmanta v2e teva> ke3la>k pirb5o kayR krta> hova4I s>pitnu> keNd/Ikr` 4ay 0e. Jyare shkarI p@2itma> joData drek sWyo sman hova4I ko[p` sWyno ]Tpadn ke nfa ]pr s>pU`R kabU hoto n4I. bI+ trf shkarI p/v<itma> NyayI vhe>c`I is@2a>tno smavex 4yelo hova4I drek sWyoma> sman rIte nfanI vhe>c`I 4ay 0e, pir`ame ko[p` Aek sWy pase nfano mo3owag jto n4I, bIja xBdoma> khIAe to nfanI sman vhe>c`I 4ta> AavknI Asmantama> 63aDo 4ay 0e.

5.   sWyono Aai4Rk ]Tk8R: mUDIvadma> ]Tpadnnu> drek Aekm v2une v2u Aai4Rk law me5vvana p/yTno kre 0e. ma3e drek VyiKt vCce Sp2aRTmk p/v<itAo rcay 0e. mUDIvadma> ko[p` VyiKt potana j hItne @yanma> raqtI hoy 0e, Ane ke3lIk vqt potanu> iht sacvI raqva [jara jevI s>S4aAo S4apIne g/ahkonu> xo8` p` krtI hoy 0e. Jyare shkarI p@2itma> judI judI VyiKtAo Aek#I 4[ne prSpr mdd d<ara Aai4Rk rIte nb5I VyiKtAona ]Tk8R krvana p/yTno kre 0e. mUDIvadnI jem shkarma> jo [jaranI S4apna krvama> Aave to tno law ko[ Aek VyiKt ma3e hoto n4I. pr>tu s>S4anI smg/ VyiKtAo ma3e hoy 0e, tem j shkarI m>D5IAona [jara4I ko[p` jatno gerfaydo 4to n4I.pir`ame te mUDIvadI [jara krta> judI trI Aave 0e.

6.   VyiKtgt S>b>2o: mUDIvadma> mUDIAe mhTvnu> sa2n hova4I VyiKtgt s>b>2o mhTvna bnta n4I. Jya> su2I je VyiKt pase mUDInu> v2are p/ma` hoy Tya> su2I VyiKtna samaijk, Aai4Rk Ane rajkIy  s>b>2o sara rhe 0e.pr>tu VyiKt pase mUDI Ao0I 4ta> Aava sb>>2o nb5a pDe 0e. ma3e mUDIvadma> mUDI Ae s>b>2o ba>2vanu> sa2n 0e, VyiKt nhI. Jyare shkarma> VyiKtgt s>b>2o Ae qUb j AgTyna 0e. shkarI m>D5IAoma> sman @yey 2ravtI ujdI judI VyiKtAoma> Aek p/karno wat<wav, p/em, dya ivgere p/karnI wavnaAo ]d\wvtI hoy 0e. Aam shkarI p/v<itma> p/em Ane lag`I4I ba>2ela s>b>2o la>ba smy su2I 3kI xke 0e. Jyare mUDIvadma> Aava s>b>2ono Awav jova m5e 0e.

7.   xo8`no p/&n: mUDIvadI A4RVyvS4ano AgTyno hetu mhtmma> mhtm nfo p/aPt krvano rhelo 0e Ane Aa mhtm nfo p/aPt krva ma3e mUDIpitAo mjUro Ane g/ahkonu> xo8` krta hoy 0e. Jyare shkarI A4RVyvS4ama> sman iht ma3e joDayela loko s>p Ane AaTmIyta4I kam kre 0e Ane potana ihtonI ja5v`I kre 0e. shkarma> prSpr mdd d<ara sevanI wavnano is@2a>t kayR krto hova4I xo8` s>68R ke Sp2aRnu> tTv jova m5tu n4I. Aam sma2annI wUimka ]pr shkarno ivkas 4yo hova4I xo8`no Awav jova m5e 0e.

 

]ps>har:: mUDIvadI A4RVyvS4ana Anek dU8`oma>4I muKt 4va ma3e shkarI p/v<into ]d\wv 4yelo 0e. shkarI p/v<it4I AavknI Asmanta, v2are nfa d<ara 4tu xo8`, hrIfa[ Ane vgRs>68R ivgere dU8`one dUr krIne ko[p` dexma> Aai4Rk lokxahInI S4apn krI xkay 0e. te ]pra>t dexnI jntama> prSpr mdd, krksr, p/mai`Kta Ane wat<wav ivgere gu`o ke5vIne Aai4Rk VyvS4aAo mjbUt krI xkay 0e. qas krIne mUDIvadI A4RVyvS4aAoma> grIb Ane m@ymvgRna lokonu> je xo8` 4ay 0e tene dUr krva ma3e Ane temno ]@2ar krva ma3e shkarI p/v<it AgTynu> sa2n 0e. ]proKt babtne Aa2are mUDIvadna ivkLpma> shkarI p@2it v2u yoGy 0e tem khI xkay.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

shkar Ane smajvad

 

p/&n: shkarI A4RVyvS4a smajvadI A4RVyvS4a krta> k[ rIte c!IyatI 0e, Aa bNne s>S4aAoma> k[ k[ babtoma> saMyta temj tfavt  jova m5e 0e ?

 

p/Stavna: Aa2uink A4RVyvS4ama> mUDIvadna Aek sf5 ivkLp trIke smajvadnI g`na krvama> Aave 0e. mUDIvadI A4RVyvS4aAe mjUronu> xo8`, s>pitnI Asman vhe>c`I, ]Tpadnna sa2nonI qangI mailkI, vgRs>68R ivgere Anek Ain*3one jNm Aapelo 0e. tenI p/itik/ya rIte Aa Ain*3one dUr krva ma3e smajvadno ]d\wv 4yelo 0e. Aam smajvad Ane shkarvad bNne p@2itAonu> ]d\wvS4an Ae mUDIvadI A4RVyvS4a 0e. Aa2uink ivcarsr`I mujb ko[p` dexma> qangI imlktne kar`e AavknI Asmantama> v2aro 4ay 0e, te4I Aa2uink smajvadnu> kayR Aava p/karnI qangI imlkt nabUd krvanu> A4va to tenI ]pr iny>t/` mUkvanu> rhelu 0e. 3U>kma> raJynI drMyangIrI4I ma>DIne s>pU`R iny>t/` su2Ina pgla>ne smajvadI pgla> trIke Aao5qvama> Aave 0e. Aam iviv2 pkarna> smajvadI pgla>ne kar`e smajvadI A4RVyvS4ana iviv2 Svrupo jova m5e 0e. smajvadna Aa iviv2 Svrupone kar`e jeD namno ivd\van lqe 0e ke smajvad Aek AevI 3opI 0e ke jeno drek ]pyog kre 0e, Ane te4I te`e potano Aakar gumaVyo 0e. ]proKt hkIkt dxaRve 0e ke ko[p` dexnI Aai4Rk VyvS4ama> smajvade Aek ya bIja Svrupe potanu> S4an lI2elu> 0e. tem0ta> Aaje 6`aqra dexoma> smajvadne S4ane shkarno ]pyog v2to jova m5e 0e. te4I Aa bNne p@2itma> k[ p@2it 7e*# 0e te tpasva ma3e bNnenI mUlv`I krvI AavXyk 0e.

 

shkar Ane smajvad vCce saMyta:

 

1.   sman ]d\wvS4an: k/a>itkarI smajvad isvayna ANy smajvadonu> Svrup Ane tenu> ]d\wvS4an temj shkarnu> ]d\wvS4an Aek j payama> rhelu> 0e. Aa bNne p@2itAono ]d\wv mUDIvadna dU8`one nabUd krva ma3e sr rob3R Aovn jeva netaAona ha4e 4yelo 0e. temj Aa bNne ivcarsr`IAono ]Lleq ke3lak leqkona lqa`oma> Aek sa4e jova m5e 0e.

2.   Aai4Rk p/v<it: smajvad Ane shkar bNne Aai4Rk p@@itAoma> samaijk Aai4Rk ]d\xo rhela 0e. Aa bNne p@2itAo nfa ma3e 4tI hoy tevI Aai4Rk p/v<itAone nkare 0e. temj Aa bNne ivcarsr`IAoma> muQy hetu manvIna Aai4Rk samaijk kLya`ma> v2aro krvano 0e. te4I manv kLya`ma> v<i@2 Ae bNne p@2itAoma> Aai4Rk p/v<itAonu> p/erkb5 trIke g`vama> Aave 0e.

3.   xo8`ivhIn smajrcna: samaNy rIte mUDIvadI p@2itna muQy dU8` g/ahko Ane mjUrona xo8`ma>4I Aa bNne p@2itAono jNm 4yo hova4I te xo8`ivhIn smajnI rcna kre 0e. Aa4I Aem khI xkay ke xo8`ivhIn smaj rcnanu @yey bNne p@2itAona payama> rhelu> 0e.

4.   samuihk p/yTno: shakar Ane smajvad bNne VyiKtvadna ivro2I 0e. samaNy rIte bNne p@2itAo VyiKtgt p/yTno krta> samuihk p/yTno mhTvna g`e 0e. samuihk p/yTno d<ara Aai4Rk Ane samijk ]d\exo is@2 krIne manv+vnnu> mhtmma> mhtm kLya` 4vu> jo[Ae Aem bNne p@2itAo [C0e 0e.

 

shkar Ane smajvad vCce tfavt:

 

         shkar Ane smajvad vCce saMyta hova 0ta> bNne Aai4Rk p@2itAo vCce mU5wUt tfavt rhelo 0e. Aa bNne p@2itAoma> ]d\exo Aek srqa hova0ta> temnI ivcarsr`I AeksrqI n4I kar` ke bNne p@2itAo potana ]d\exo is@2 4ay te ma3e judI judI kayR p@2itAo Apnave 0e, pir`ame bNne vCce tfavt jova m5e 0e.

 

1.        qangI imlkt A>ge: smajvadI p@2it qangI imlktno sE@2a>itk rIte ivro2 kre 0e.kar` ke

qangI imlktma>4I ]d\wvta> dU8`one nabUd krva ma3e qangI imlkt nabUd 4vI jo[Ae Aem [C0e 0e. Jyare shkarI p@2itma> qangI imlktno ivro2 krvama> Aavto n4I temj tenI nabUdIno p` Aag/h raqvama> Aavto n4I. Albt ko[ Aek VyiKt pase qangI imlktnI jmav3 v2are p/ma`ma> n 4ay tenI deqreq raqvama> Aave 0e. shkarI p@2itma> qangI imlktno potana sWyoma> j ivSt<tIkr` 4ay AevI [C0a raqvama> Aave 0e.

2      mUDIna v5tr A>ge:  smajvadI p@2itma> ]Tpadnna sa2nonu> rai*3<ykr` 4va4I mUDIne ]Tpadnna sa2n trIke v2u mhTv Aapvama> Aavtu n4I.samaNy rIte smajvadma mUDIpitAono A4va to mUDIvadno nax krvano ]d\x raqvama> Aave 0e. Jyare shkarI p@2itma> mUDIne ]Tpadnna sa\2n trIke SvIkar krva4I tenu> mhTv v2are jovama> Aave 0e. shkarI p/v<itna ivkasma> mUDIno fa5o sivxe8 hova 0ta> mUDIna mailkne bjardr krta> v2u v5tr p/aPt n 4ay tenI ka5+ raqvama> Aave 0e. Aam shkarI p/v<itma> ]Tpadnna sa2n trIke mUDInu> mhTv hova 0ta> tene ANy sa2nonI srqam`Ima> v2are ihSso Aapvama> Aavto n4I.

3.   VyiKtgt Svat>Ty/no Awav: smajvadma> raJy svoRprI 0e, Jyare VyiKt gO` 0e. te4I             smajvadI srkar d<ara levayela in`Ryone Aa2In rhIne VyiKtAe potanI Aai4Rk p/v<itAo krvanI hoy 0e. smajvadma> VyiKtgt Svat>Ty/ krta> samuihk Savt>Ty/ne  v2aare mhTv Aapvama> Aave 0e. ma3e smajvadI  p@2itma> VyiKt smi*3 ma3e 0e AevI ivcarsr`I p/vRte 0e. Jyare shkarI p@2itma> ko[p` VyiKtne raJynI AapqudxahIma>4I bcavvano p/yas krvama> AaVyo 0e. shkarma> AevI maNyta p/vRte 0e ke raJy Ane smaj Ae VyiKt ma3e 0e, pir`ame VyiKt Svt>t/ 0e. Ane yoGy lage te s>g#nma> te joDa[ xke 0e. Aam smajvadma> VyiKt pr raJyno A>kux hova4I tenI wavnaAo Ane lag`IAo kcDa[ jay 0e, Jyare shkarma> VyiKtnI wavnaAo Ane lag`IAone p/oTsahn Aapvama> Aave 0e.

4.   mjUro p/Tyenu> vl`: smajvadI A4Rt>t/ma> mjUronu> mhTv ivxe8 hoy 0e. mjUro jate j A4Rt>t/ pr potano kabU p/aPt krIne Aai4Rk p/v<itAonu> s>caln kre tevu> SvIkarvama> Aave 0e. Aa4I smajvadI srkar Ae 7m+vIAonI srkar trIke Ao5qay 0e, Jyare shkarI p@2itma> 7mno A4va mjUrono ANy ]Tpadnna sa2nonI jem SvIkar krvama> Aave 0e.7imkne tena 7mna bdlama> yoGy v5tr Aapvama> Aave 0e. temj tene kam krvanI yoGy sgvDo p/aPt 4ay tevI ka5+ raqvama> Aave 0e. Aam shkarma> 7m krta> Sva7yne v2u mhTv p/aPt 4ay 0e. je4I krIne shkarI p/v<it d<ara drek 7imk potana pg ]pr }wo rhe tevI ih>mt Ane AaTmb5nI wavna tenama> peda krvama> Aave 0e.

5.   raJynu> mhTv: smajvadI A4RVyvS4a raJyne svoRprI S4an AapIne mUDIvadna dU8`o dUr krvano p/yas kre 0e. te4I tema> AevI maNyta p/vRte 0e ke smajvadma> raJy svoRprI n hoy to mUDIvadna dU8`o nabUd 4[ xkta n4I ma3e smajvad mat/ Aai4Rk p@2it p` 0e te4I tema> VyiKt krta> raJynu> mhTv ivxe8 jova m5e 0e, Jyare shkarI p@2itma> AevI maNyta p/vRte 0e ke ko[p` kayR VyiKtAo Aek#I 4[ne krI xktI hoy te tema> raJynI dqlgIrI hovI jo[Ae nhI. Je4I shkarI p@2it rajkar` p/Tye t3S4 0e Aem khI xkay.

6.   ]d\ex p/aiPt magR: smajvad Aai4Rk samaijk kLya` p/aPt krva ma3e p/car lokmt nEitk smjav3 ivgere ]pr Aa2ar raqe 0e Ane jo jrur pDe to kaydana dba` he#5 p` @yey is@2 krvama> Aave 0e. ke3lIk vqt ih>sa jeva ]payo p` levama> Aave 0e. Jyare shkarI p/v<itma> ih>sa ke dba`no magR levama> Aavto n4I, pr>tu ]d\exo is@2 krva ma3e p/jamt, ix9`, p/car, p/isi@2 jeva sa2nono ]pyog krvama> Aave 0e.

7.   nfa A>genI di*3: smajvadma> VyiKtgt nfano ivro2 4ay 0e, Jyare rai*3<ykr` 4yela ke raJy S4aipt ]2ogoma> 4ta nfano ivro2 krvama> Aavto n4I. Ae3le ke smajvadma> VyiKtgt mUDIvadna S4ane raJyno mUDIvad S4apvama> Aave 0e. Aam rajkIy mUDIvadI p@2it4I smajvadma> vhIv3t>t/nI ibnkayR9mta, la>crusvt, srmuqTyarxahI ivgere dU8`one kar`e samUihk law me5vI xkata n4I, Jyare shkarma> nfano ]d\ex gO` S4an 2ravto hova4I samaNy p/ma`ma> j nfano SvIkar krvama> Aave 0e. shkarI m>D5Ima> je nfo p/aPt 4ay 0e te nfanI NyayI vhe>c`I krIne NyayI rIte sWyoma> vhe>cvama> AavtI hoy 0e. ma3e shkarma> VyiKtgt nfanI wavnane Avkax rheto n4I. je4I krIne smajvad Ane shkarma> nfa A>genI di*3ma> A4va to ivcarsr`Ima> tfavt jova m5e 0e.

8.   s>calnma> tfavt: smajvadI Aai4Rk p@2itma> tena ]d\exo qUb j AgTyta 2ravta hova 0ta> tene is@2 krva ma3enI kayRp@2it ma3e ko[ coKks is@2a>to jova m5ta n4I. Ae3le ke smajvadma> Aai4Rk p/v<itAonu> s>caln is@2a>to d<ara 4tu n4I. Jyare shkarI p@2itma> Aai4Rk p/v<itAonu> s>caln coKks is@2a>tone Aa2are krvama> Aave 0e.

9.   ]ps>har: shkar t4a smajvadma> saMyta krta> tfavtnu> p/ma` ivxe8 jeva m5e 0e. samaNy rIte smajvadma> VyiKt je k>[ me5ve 0e tena bdlama> tene qUb mo3I kI>mt cUkvvI pDe 0e. bIja xBdoma> khIAe to VyiKtAe potanu Aai4Rk Svat>Ty/ srkar pase gIre mUkI devu> pDe 0e. Aa s>dwRma> ga>2I+Ae no>@yu> 0e ke raJynI v2tI jtI stane hu> qUb j ic>tajnk g`u> 0u> kar` ke xo8` nabUd krvana ]Tsahma> raJy trf4I je pgla> levama> Aave 0e tena pir`ame VyiKtnI potanI p/itwa nax pase 0e, vaStvma> to Aa p/itwa j manvjatna svaR>gI ivkasna payama> rhelI 0e. shkarI p@2it manvmULyonu> jtn kre 0e, te3lu> j nhI p` ko[p` jatnI kI>mt cUkVya isvay NyayI smajnI rcnanna @yeyne is@2 krI Aape 0e. Aa rIte Aap`e khI xkIAe ke shkarI p@@it smajvadnI srqam`Ima> v2u AadxR p@2it 0e.

                                         

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                       

shkar Ane saMyvad

 

saMyvad Ae smajvadno Aek p/kar 0e. saMyvadI ivcarsr`I mujb Aai4Rk Ain*3onu> mU5wUt kar` Ae qangI imlktna Ai2karo 0e tene kar`e j mjUro Ane grIb p/janu> xo8` 4ay 0e. Aava xo8`ma>4I bcva ma3e mjUro Ane grIbo s>g#n rcta hoy 0e. Ane Aa s>g#n mubUt 4ta> k/a>it sjaRy 0e. Ane Aa k/a>itrupI Aai4Rk p@2itne saMyvad khevama> Aave 0e. Aam qangI imlktne nabUd krvana Aa7ye saMyvadno ]d\wv 4yelo 0e.

Aa2uink yugma> juda juda dexoma> judI judI p@2itAo4I saMyvadnI rcna 4yel 0e. Albt Aa b2I j p@2itAoma> raJynI malIkI, kend/Iy Aayojn, Svat>>T/y/no Awav, hrIfa[no Awav ivgere samaNy is@2a>to jova m5e 0e. saMyvadnI jem shkar p` ke3lak is@2a>tone Aa2are rcvama> AavtI Aai4Rk VyvS4a 0e. jo ke tena is@2a>to saMyvad krta> juda 0e. te4I Aa bNne vCce ko[p` jatnI saMyta jova m5tI n4I. mat/ temnI vCce tfavt j jova m5e 0e.

 

tfavtna mud\daAo

 

1. Aai4Rk s>caln: saMyvadI p@2itma> raJynu> s>caln Ane raJynI sta svoRprI hoy 0e.  te4I tema>  Aai4Rk p/v<itnu> s>caln raJy d<ara 4tu> hoy 0e. Jyare shkarI p@2it lokxahI is@2a>tona paya pr rcayelI hova4I Aai4Rk p/v<itAonu> s>caln lokxahI !be 4ay 0e.

2.  ]Tpadn p@2it: saMyvadI A4RVyvS4ama> keNd/Iy Aayojnne kar`e cIjvStuAonu> ]Tpadn keNd/Iydr`na is@2a>t Anusar 4tu> hoy 0e. Jyare shkarI p@2itma> ivkeNd/Iy p@2it ]pr war  mUkvama> Aave 0e.

3. VyiKtnu> Svat>Ty/: saMyvadma> ]Tpadnna sa2nonI malIkI raJynI hova4I VyiKtnu> Svat>Ty/ joqmay  0e, VyiKt Svt>t/ in`Ryo l[ xktI n4I. pr>tu raJye lI2ela in`Ryo tene Amlma> mUkva pDe 0e.Aam saMyvadI A4RVyvS4ama> VyiKtgt Svat>Ty/ nax pame 0e. Jyare shkarI p@2itma> VyiKt Svt>t/ 0e, Ane te Svt>t/ in`Ryo l[ xke 0e. shkarI p/v<it dba` Ane frijyatp`ana tTv4I ivru@2 hovana kar`e tema> VyiKt pr ko[p` jatnu> dba` ladvama> Aavtu n4I pr>tu VyiKt Svt>t/ rIte in`Ry l[ xke temj kayR krI xke te ma3enI tmam jogva[Ao shkarI p@2it d<ara krI Aapvama> Aave 0e. Aam shkarma> VyiKtnu> Svat>Ty/ joqmatu> n4I.

4. qangI imlkt: saMyvadI p@2itma> ]Tpadnna sa2nonI malIkI raJynI hova4I ko[p` VyiKt qangI imlkt 2ravI xktI n4I. pir`ame saMyvadma> qangI imlkt s>pU`R rIte nabUd krvama> Aave 0e. Jyare shkarI p@2itma> gme te VyiKt qangI imlkt 2ravI xke 0e, temj tema> v2aro p` krI xke 0e. shkarno muQy ]d\ex drek VyiKtnI qangI imlktma> v2aro krIne tenu> +vn2or` }>ce l[ jvanu> 0e.

 

]ps>har: saMyvad Ane shkar vCce mU5wUt tfavt hova 0ta> saMyvadI dexoma> shkarI p/v<it kayR krtI hoy 0e. saMyvadIAo shkarI p/v<itma> joDay 0e tenu> mU5wUt kar` Ae hoy 0e ke teAo shkarI p/v<it d<ara saMyvadno p/car krva ma>gta hoy 0e. jo ke saMyvadma> shkarI m>D5IAo s>pU`R rIte srkarI iny>t/` he#5 Ane saMyvadI nIitnI mayaRdama> rhIne kayR krtI hova4I shkarna payana is@2a>to nax pame 0e. Aa s>dwRma> hen/I me namna ivdvane lQyu 0e ke 1918 ma> Jyar4I saMyvadIAo rixyanI shkarI p/v<itma> daql 4ya 0e Tyar4I shkarno mU5wUt AaTma nax paMyo 0e. 3U>kma> khIAe to saMyvad Ane shkar bNne A4RVyvS4Ao AekbIja sa4e A4va to AekbIjana ivkLpma> kayR krI xkva ma3e AxiKtman 0e.